Learning Intervention in e-Learning Portal Through WhatsApp and Telegram Based on Needham Five Phase Model
Intervensi Pembelajaran di Portal e-Pembelajaran Melalui Aplikasi Whatsapp dan Telegram Berdasarkan Model Lima Fasa Needham
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/esss.vol1.1.2.2020Keywords:
e-learning portal, WhatsApp and Telegram intervention, Needham Five Phase modelAbstract
E-Learning portal has become part of learning medium in Higher Education Institutions (HEI’s) and is considered as equally important as attending lectures, tutorials, laboratory works, seminars, visiting library, fieldworks including teaching practicum or industrial attachment. The daily activities of the students are now overconnected with more interactive and informative social media. The main objective of this study is to enhance the lecturers ability to produce digital media-based learning materials and students participation in eLearning portal through the intervention of WhatsApp channels and Telegram based on the five-phase Needham model (1987). This action study is guided by the Kemmis and McTaggart model (1988) involving a group of undergraduate education (SMP) students in a private university. The study showed that intervention in WhatsApp and Telegram channels successfully increased student inclusion and a variety of learning materials in the form of digital media in the e-Learning portal. The five phase Needham model constructive approach affects the intellectual level and personality of students in social media. The institution need to develop comprehensive policy and provide better teaching facilities if to adopt its for learning evaluation purpose.
Downloads
References
Abd Halim, N.D., & Kamarudin, N.A. (n.d.). Aplikasi teori konstruktivisme dan model 5 fasa Needham dalam pembelajaran perisian ChemMol4. Muat turun pada 3/4/2020 daripada https://people.utm.my/noordayana/files/2012/10/paper-pappp-full-dr-dayana.pdf
Adams, D., Sumintono, B., Mohamed, A., & Mohamad Noor, N.S. (2018). E-learning readiness among students of diverse background in a leading Malaysian higher education institutions. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 15(2), 227–256. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada http://mjli.uum.edu.my/images/vol.15no.2/227-256new.pdf
Akorful, V., & Abaidoo, N. (2014). The role of elearning, the advantages and disadvantages of its adoption in higher education. International Journal of Education and Research, 2(12), 397– 410. Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-roleof-e-learning%2C-the-advantages-and-of-its-Arkorful-Abaidoo/0a90939ce9c17fde3b86e66cd085530547bc6a6e
Akpan, J.P., & Beard, L.A. (2016). Using constructivist teaching strategies to enhance academic outcomes of students with special needs. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(2), 392–398. Muat turun pada 3/04/2020 daripada https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/UsingConstructivist-Teaching-Strategies-to-Enhance-Akpan-Beard/e5911dac4c4a6d59276e7b6fbd93492a74c3823b
Al-Arabiat, D., Wan Ahmad, W.F., & Sarlan, A. (2015). The barriers to adoption of mobile learning by HEIs in Malaysia: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Advanced Research Design, 14(1), 1–9. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada http://www.akademiabaru.com/doc/ARDV14_N1_P1_9.pdf
Ally, M., & Prieto-Blázquez, J. (2014). What is the future of mobile learning in education? Mobile Learning Applications in Higher Education [Special Section]. Revista de Universidad y Sociedad del Conoci-miento, 11(1), 142–151. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada http://doi.dx.org/10.7238/rusc.v11i1.2033
Al-Rahmi, W.M., Othman, M.S., & Yusof, L.M. (2015). The effectiveness of using e-learning in Malaysian Higher Education: A case study Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(5), 625–637. Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281571575_The_Effectiveness_of_Using_ELearning_in_Malaysian_Higher_Education_A_Ca se_Study_Universiti_Teknologi_Malaysia/link/5645472d08ae451880a8c4e2/download
Aparicio, M., Bacao, F., & Oliveira, T. (2016). An elearning theoretical framework. Educational Technology & Society, 19(1), 292–307. Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/An-eLearning-Theoretical-Framework-AparicioBa%C3%A7%C3%A3o/b03ec0d1398e261fa4be0 c368c4268d45befa193
Attaran, M., & Zainuddin, Z. (2018). How Students Experience Blended Learning? (Malaysian Experience). Interdisciplinary Journal Virtual Learning Medical Science, 9(2), 1–6. Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada http://ijvlms.sums.ac.ir/article_44839_7caf0cc40504839f0918e5402e8d48e0.pdf
Barreh, K.A., & Abas, Z.W. (2015). A framework for mobile learning for enhancing learning in higher education. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 3(3), 1–9. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1085946.pdf
Borba, M.C., Askar, P., Engelbrecht, J., Gadanidis, G., Llinares, S., & Aguilar, M.S. (2016). Blended learning, e‑learning and mobile learning in mathematics education. ZDM Mathematics Education, 48, 589–610. Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada http://www.rc.unesp.br/gpimem/downloads/artigos/borba_et_al/icme-issue-zdm-5-2016_borba_etal.pdf
Briner, M. (1999). Learning theories. Denver: University of Colorado. Dalam Abd Halim, N.D., & Kamarudin, N.A. (n.d.). Aplikasi teori konstruktivisme dan model 5 fasa Needham dalam pembelajaran perisian ChemMol4. Muat turun pada 3/4/2020 daripada https://people.utm.my/noordayana/files/2012/10/paper-pappp-full-dr-dayana.pdf
Buchori, A., Setyosari, P., Dasna, W., Ulfa, S., Degeng, N.S., & Sa’dijah, C. (2017). Effectiveness of direct instruction learning strategy assisted by mobile augmented reality and achievement motivation on students cognitive learning results. Asian Social Science, 13(9), 137– 144. Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effectiven ess-of-Direct-Instruction-Learning-by-and-Buchori-Setyosari/eea6e94740b8fe3bf46f0b974f08fa643dce64ad
Cerdà, J.F.M., & Sellens, J.T. (2014). E-learning, eskills and employability: first evidence in European countries. eLC Research Paper Series, 9, 6–14. Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269690166_E-learning_e-skills_and_employability_First_evidence_in_Euro pean_countries
Che Kob, C.G., Kannapiran, S., Shah, A., & Arasinah (2017). Usage of Mobile Learning among Mechanical Engineering Students at Premier Polytechnics Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(12), 1111–1128. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada http://hrmars.com/hrmars_papers/Usage_of_Mobile_Learning_among_Mechanical_Engineering_Stu dents_at_Premier_Polytechnics_Malaysia.pdf
Daud, J.M. (2017). Kesan integrasi Model Salmon dan Teori Konstruktivisme Lima Fasa Needham terhadap pencapaian dan sikap pelajar dalam ePembelajaran sains komputer. (Tesis Doktor Falsafah, Fakulti Seni Komputeran dan Industri Kreatif, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia). Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada http://ir.upsi.edu.my/3047/1/Kesan%20integrasi%20model%20salmon%20dan%20teori%20konstruktivisme%20lima%20fasa%20Needham%20terhadap%20pencapaian%20dan%20sikap%20pelajar%20dalam%20e-pembelajaran%20sains%20komputer.pdf
Driver, R. & Bell, B. (1985). Students’ thinking and the learning of science: A constructivist view. School Science Review, 443–456. Abd Halim, N.D., & Kamarudin, N.A. (n.d.). Aplikasi teori konstruktivisme dan model 5 fasa Needham dalam pembelajaran perisian ChemMol4. Muat turun pada 3/4/2020 daripada https://people.utm.my/noordayana/files/2012/10/paper-pappp-full-dr-dayana.pdf
Embi, M.A. (2011). e-Learning in Malaysian higher education institutions: status, trends, & challenges. Putrajaya: Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia.
Entwistle, N., & Tait, H. (1990). Approaches to learning, evaluations of teaching, and preferences for contrasting academic environments. Higher Education, 19, 169–194. Dalam Norton, L.S. (2009). Action Research in teaching and learning A practical guide to conducting pedagogical research in universities (m.s 75). Milton Park: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Muat turun pada 1/04/2020 daripada https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315147581
Figueredo, O.B., & Villamizar, J.A.J. (2015). Framework for design of mobile learning strategies. Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3037283 75_Framework_for_design_of_mobile_learning_s trategies
Gagne, E. D., Yekovich, C. W., & Yekovich, F. R. (1993). The cognitive psychology of school learning. New York: Harper Collins College Publisher. Dalam Nair, S., & Muthiah, M. (2005). Penggunaan model konstruktif Lima Fasa Needham dalam pembelajaran sejarah. Jurnal Pendidik dan Pendidikan, 20, 21–41. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada http://apjee.usm.my/APJEE_20_2005/JPP02Subad rah%20(21-42)B.pdf
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2 (2-3), 87–105. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada https://teaching.utoronto.ca/wpcontent/uploads/2016/05/Community-ofInquiry.pdf
Goyal, S. (2012). E-Learning: Future of Education. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(2), 239– 242. Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287545379_E-Learning_Future_of_Education
Grenier, D.P. (2018). The relationship between mobile learning and academic achievement in a community college system online environment (A dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree Doctor of Education, Liberty University). Dalam Shuja, A., Qureshi, I.A., Schaeffer, D.M., & Zareen, M. (2019). Effect of m-learning on students’ academic performance mediated by facilitation discourse and flexibility, Knowledge Management & E-Learning, 11(2), 158–200. Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada https://www.kmeljournal.org/ojs/index.php/onlinepublication/article/view/408/0
Harasim, L. (2012). Learning theory and online technologies. Routledge. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada https://www.learning-theories.com/online-collaborative-learning-theoryharasim.html
Haron, H., Abbas, W.F., & Abd Rahman, N.A. (2012). The adoption of blended learning among Malaysian academicians. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 67, 175–181. Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2577183
_The_Adoption_of_Blended_Learning_among_ Malaysian_Academicians Ismail, I., Azizan, S.N., & Gunasegaran, T. (2016). Mobile learning in Malaysian universities: Are students ready? International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 10(3), 17–23. Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada https://online-journals.org/index.php/ijim/article/view/5316
Jeng, Y.-L., Wu, T.-T., Huang, Y.-M., Tan, Q., & Yang, S. J. H. (2010). The Add-on Impact of Mobile Applications in Learning Strategies: A Review Study. Educational Technology & Society, 13(3), 3–11. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fc01/25a52aa31ae a61621593c60493cca9abf1ad.pdf
Jethro, O.O., Grace, A.M. & Thomas, A.K. (2012). ELearning and its effects on teaching and learning in a global age. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(1), 203–210. Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada http://hrmars.com/admin/pics/484.pdf
Kaliisa, R., & Pichard, M. (2017). A systematic review on mobile learning in higher education: The African perspective. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 16(1), 1–18. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada http://www.tojet.net/articles/v16i1/1611.pdf
Kattayat, S., Josey, S., & Asha, J.V. (2017). Mobile learning apps in instruction and students achievement. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 11(1), 143–147. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada https://onlinejournals.org/index.php/ijim/article/view/6420/4254
Kemmis, S., & McTaggart, R. (1988). Parcipatory action research: Communicative action and the public sphere. Dalam Denzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y.S. (2008). Strategies of qualitative reseach, 3rd eds (Chapter 10, 271 – 331). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications Inc. Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313097321_Participatory_action_research
Lindsay, R., Breen, R., & Jenkins, A. (2002). Evidence-based management and action-atadistance. Psychology Teaching Review, 10(1), 20–30. Dalam Norton, L.S. (2009). Action Research in teaching and learning A practical guide to conducting pedagogical research in universities (m.s 58). Milton Park: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Muat turun pada 1/04/2020 daripada https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315147581
Lee, M.F., Mat Yusoff, S.N., Tan, K.H., & Lim, J.S.C. (2019). Needham model based instructional multimedia material for teaching digital logic gates. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 11(1), 54–62. Muat turun pada 3/4/2020 daripada https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/JTET/article/view/3063
Marwan, M.E., Madar, A.R., & Fuad, N. (2013). An overwiew of mobile application in learning for student of KYPM by using mobile phone. Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 3(6), 527–537. Muat turun pada 7/6/2019 daripada http://aessweb.com/journal-detail.php?id=5003
Masrom, M., Nadzari, A.S., & Zakaria, S.A. (2016). Implementation of mobile learning apps in Malaysia higher education institutions. eProceeding of the 4th Global Summit on Education, 14-15 March 2016, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada https://worldconferences.net/proceedings/gse2016/fullpaper/GE%20117%20IMPLEMENTATION%20OF%20MOBILE%20LEARNING%20APPS%20IN%20MALAYSIA%20HIGHER%20EDUCA TION%20INSTITUITIONS.pdf
Mat Jasin, Z., & Shaari, A.S. (2012). Keberkesanan model konstruktivisme Lima Fasa Needham dalam pengajaran komsas bahasa Melayu. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu, 2(1), 79–92. Muat turun pada 3/04/2020 daripada http://journalarticle.ukm.my/4642/
Md. Ghalib, M.F., Sahrir, M.S., Mat Daud, N., Hassan, H., & Mohin, M. (2014). iCollect mobile application for e-Portfolio: Experiences from an instructional design perspective. Malaysian Journal of Distance Education, 16(1), 1−14. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada http://mjde.usm.my/vol16_1_2014/MJDE16(1)2014-Art.1(1-14).pdf
Mohd Hashim, M.H., & Kasbolah. M. (2012). Application of Needham’s five phase constructivism model in engineering subject at Technical Secondary School. Journal of Education and Learning, 1(1), 117–128. Muat turun pada 3/04/2020 daripada http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v1n1p117
Mohd Najib, H., Abu Bakar, N.R., & Othman, N. (2017). E-pembelajaran dalam kalangan pelajar di sebuah institusi pengajian tinggi Selangor. Malaysian Online Journal of Education, 1(1), 74– 82. Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada http://journal.kuis.edu.my/omje/wpcontent/uploads/2017/04/74-82_Vol.1_No.1_2017-1.pdf
Mohd Salleh, M.F. (2008). E-learning issues in Malaysian higher education. Skudai: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Mohd Suki, N., & Mohd Suki, N. (2010). The usage of mobile device for learning: A case study. IJUTFD (2010), 1(1), 1–11. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada http://eprints.ums.edu.my/2819/1/ar0000000045.pdf
Nair, S., & Muthiah, M. (2005). Penggunaan model konstruktif Lima Fasa Needham dalam pembelajaran sejarah. Jurnal Pendidik dan Pendidikan, 20, 21–41. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada http://apjee.usm.my/APJEE_20_2005/JPP02Subadrah%20(21-42)B.pdf
Needham, R. (1987). Teaching strategies for developing understanding in science. The University of Leeds: Centre for Studies in Science and Mathematics Education. Dalam Subadrah, N., & Muthiah, M. (2005). Penggunaan model kontruksivisme Lima Fasa Needham dalam pembelajaran sejarah. Jurnal Pendidik dan Pendidikan, 20, 21–41. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada http://apjee.usm.my/APJEE_20_2005/JPP02Subadrah%20(21-42)B.pdf
Ng, S.F., Che Hassan, N.S.I., Mohammad Nor, N.H., & Abdul Malek, N.A. (2017). The relationship between smartphone use and academic performance: A case of students in a Malaysian tertiary institution. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 5(4). Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada file:///C:/Users/HP/Downloads/The_Relationship_ between_Smartphone_Use.pdf
Nik Mohammad, N.M., Mamat, M.N., & Mohd Isa, P. (2012). M-learning in Malaysia: Challenges and strategies. The 3rd International Conference on eLearning ICEL2011, 23-24 November 2011, Bandung, Indonesia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 67, 393–401. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada www.sciencedirect.com
Norton, L.S. (2009). Action Research in teaching and learning A practical guide to conducting pedagogical research in universities (m.s 79). Milton Park: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Muat turun pada 1/04/2020 daripada https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315147581
Pedro, L.F.M,G., Barbosa, C.M.M., & Santos, C.M. (2018). A critical review of mobile learning integration in formal educational contexts. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 15(10), 2–15. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3237821 32_A_critical_review_of_mobile_learning_integra tion_in_formal_educational_contexts
Picciano, A. G. (2017). Theories and frameworks for online education: Seeking an integrated model. Online Learning, 21(3), 166–190. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1154117.pdf
Raja Harun, R.N.S., & Subramaniam, G.D.J. (2013). Adoption of mobile technology in higher education: Students perceptions of english language learning using smart phones. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(9), 2084–2089. Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2993896 43_Adoption_of_Mobile_Technology_in_Higher_ Education_Students_Perceptions_of_English_Language_Learning_Using_Smart_Phones
Rauch, F., Stefan, Z., & Posch, P. (2019). Chapter 8. Educational action research. Muat turun pada 1/04/2020 daripada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331294940_Chapter_8_Educational_Action_Research
Rumelhart, D. E., & Norman, D. A. (1978). Accretion, tuning and restructuring: Three models of learning. Dalam Nair, S., & Muthiah, M. (2005). Penggunaan model konstruktif Lima Fasa Needham dalam pembelajaran sejarah. Jurnal Pendidik dan Pendidikan, 20, 21–41. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada http://apjee.usm.my/APJEE_20_2005/JPP02Subad rah%20(21-42)B.pdf
Safie, A., Mohd Arshad, M.R., & Idris, N. (2017). Acceptance factor of mobile learning application for adult learners in life long learning education. 1st International Conference on Green and Sustainable Computing (ICoGeS). Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1019/1/012070/pdf
Salmon, G. (2000). E‐moderating: The key to teaching and learning online. United Kingdom: Kogan Page. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada https://www.gillysalmon.com/e-moderating.html
Shevlin, M., Banyard, P., Davies, M.N.O. & Griffiths, M. (2000). The validity of student evaluation of teaching in higher education: Love me, love my lectures? Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 25(4), 397–405. Dalam Norton, L.S. (2009). Action Research in teaching and learning A practical guide to conducting pedagogical research in universities (m.s 75). Milton Park: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Muat turun pada 1/04/2020 daripada https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315147581
Shuib, M., Azizan, S.N., & Ganapathy, M. (2018). Mobile learning readiness among English language learners in a Public University in Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 26(3), 1491–1504. Muat turun pada 24/6/2019 daripada http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/Pertanika%20PAPERS/JSSH%20Vol.%2026%20(3)%20Sep.%202018/16%20JSSH-1897-2016.pdf
Siemens, G. (2004). Connectivism: A Learning Theory for the Digital Age. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada http://itdl.org/journal/jan_05/article01.htm
Singh, A., & Singh, L.B. (2017). E-Learning for employability skills: Students perspective. Procedia - Computer Science, 122, 400–406. Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321753842_E-learning_for_Employability_Skills_Students_Perspective
Song, H.S.Y, Murphy, A., & Farley, S.H. (2013). Mobile devices for learning in Malaysia: Then and now. 30th Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education Conference (ASCILITE 2013). Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2609831 44_Mobile_devices_for_learning_in_Malaysia_Then_and_now
Stern, J. (t.th). Introduction to Online Teaching and Learning. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada http://www.wlac.edu/online/documents/otl.pdf
Sung, Y.-T., Chang, K.-E., & Liu, T.-C. (2016). The effects of integrating mobile devices with teaching and learning on students' learning performance: A meta-analysis and research synthesis. Computers & Education, 94, 252–275. Muat turun pada 31/3/2020 daripada https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360131515300804?via%3Dihub
Tapsir, S.H. (2016). A strategy for the next decade of Malaysian higher education. Pembentangan di Perspesctive Speaker Series, the Association of Commenwealth Universities, London, Januari 2016. Dalam Alphin, H.C., Chan, R.Y., Lavine, J. (2017). The future of accessibility in international higher education. United States: IGI Global Information Series.
Umbit, A.F., & Taat, M.S. (2016). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penerimaan e-Pembelajaran dalam kalangan pelajar di institut. Jurnal Penyelidikan IPGK BL, 13, 1–14. Muat turun pada 31/03/2020 daripada http://www.ipbl.edu.my/portal/penyelidikan/jurnal papers/jurnal2016/Agatha.pdf
Universiti Selangor (n.d.). UNISEL E-Learning. Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada https://elearning.unisel.edu.my/moodle/mod/page/view.php?id=208
Xue, J., Zhang, X. & Luo, H. (2017). Effects of mobile learning on academic performance and learning attitude in a college classroom. 4th International Conference on Advanced Education and Management (ICAEM 2017). Muat turun pada 4/6/2019 daripada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3235312 67_Effects_of_Mobile_Learning_on_Academic_Performance_and_Learning_Attitude_in_a_College_Classroom
Yasmeen, G. (2008). Action research: An approach for the teachers in higher education. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 7(4), 1–8. Muat turun pada 1/04/2020 daripada https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED503470.pdf
