Precipitation analysis and water resource of Wadi Siham Basin, Yemen
Keywords:
Rainfall, trend, Mann-Kendall and Sen test, Wadi Siham Basin (WSB), YemenAbstract
Wadi Siham Basin (WSB) is one of the significant agricultural areas in Yemen. This paper aims to analyse the quantity and spatial and temporal variation of rainfalls in WSB. The rainfalls (1979-2008) were collected and statistically analyses to evaluate the rainfall trends. The areal catchment rainfall was estimated using the Theissen polygon method, while the recurrence interval and probability analysis were carried out using the Hazen method. The Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope analyses results showed that the rainfall at Wallan and Al-Amir stations had significant negative values (-4.72 mm/year and -6.11 mm/year respectively), while, the rainfall trend at Dhamar was positive at 50.20 mm/year. The total amount of rainfall was 1711.26 Mm3. The average annual rainfall in WSB was 346.39 mm/year. The mean annual water runoff was 82.92 Mm3 or 23.94% of the average annual rainfall in WSB. A total of 570 flood events occurred with a total volume of 53.10 Mm3 in a span of 20 years. The total water runoff was 4.85% of total volume of rain precipitated in WSB, indicating that the total water loss was 95.15%. In conclusion, the study has demonstrated the urgent need for a sustainable water resource management in WSB.
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References
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Ruelland, D., Ardoin-Bardin, S., Billen, G., Servat, E. (2008). Sensitivity of a lumped and semi-distributed hydrological model to several methods of rainfall interpolation on a large basin in West Africa. Journal of Hydrology, 361, 96 – 117.
Sen, P. (1968). Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall’s tau. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 63, 1379 – 1389.
Şen, Z. (2008). Rainfall Pattern. In. Wadi Hydrology; Şen, Z., Ed.; Taylor & Francis Group, New York, USA, 37 – 102.
Shahid, S. (2010). Rainfall variability and the trends of wet and dry periods in Bangladesh. International Journal of Climatology, 30, 2299 – 2313.
Shirazi, S. M., Ismail, Z., Akib, S., Sholichin, M., & Islam, M. A. (2011). Climatic parameters and net irrigation requirement of crops. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 6 (1), 15 – 26.
Srikanthan, R., & McMahon, T. A. (1985). Recurrence interval of drought events through stochastic analysis of rainfall and streamflow data. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 30, 197 – 206.
Subyani, A. M. (2004). Geostatistical study of annual and seasonal mean rainfall patterns in southwest Saudi Arabia. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 49, 803 – 818.
Subyani, A., Al-Modayan, A. & Al-Ahmadi, F. (2010). Topographic, seasonal and aridity influences on rainfall variability in western Saudi Arabia. Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 18, 1 – 11.
Symeonakis, E., Bonifaçio, R., & Drake, N. (2009). A comparison of rainfall estimation techniques for sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation & Geoinformation, 11, 15 – 26.
Taher, S., & Alshaikh, A. (1998). Spatial analysis of rainfall in southwest of Saudi Arabia using GIS. Hydrology Research, 29, 91 – 104.
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Yue, S., Pilon, P., & Cavadias, G. (2002). Power of the Mann-Kendall and Spearman’s rho tests for detecting monotonic trends in hydrological series. Journal of Hydrology, 259, 254 – 271.
Abu-Awwad, A. M., & Shatanawi, M. R. (1997). Water harvesting and infiltration in arid areas affected by the surface crust: Examples from Jordan. Journal of Arid Environments, 37 (3), 443 – 452.
Alyamani, M. S., & Sen, Z. (1993). Regional variations of monthly rainfall amounts in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Earth Science, 6, 113 – 133.
Argüello, G. L., Dasso, C. M. & Sanabria, J. A. (2006). Effects of intense rainfalls and their recurrence: Case study in Corralito ravine, Córdoba Province, Argentina. Quarternary International, 158, (1), 140 – 146.
Bahat, Y., Grodek, T., Lekach, J., & Morin, E. (2009). Rainfall-runoff modeling in a small hyper-arid catchment. Journal of Hydrology, 373, 204 – 217.
Buytaert, W., Celleri, R., De Bi´evre, B., Cisneros, F., Wyseure, G., Deckers, J., & Hofstede, R. (2006). Human impact on the hydrology of the Andean páramos. Earth-Science Reviews, 79, 53 – 72.
Cislaghi, M., De Michele, C., Ghezzi, A., Rosso, R. (2005). Statistical assessment of trends and oscillations in rainfall dynamics: Analysis of long daily Italian series. Atmospheric Research, 77, 188 - 202.
Davie, T. (2008). Fundamentals of Hydrology, 2nd edition. Routledge, New York, London.
Dinpashoh, Y., Fakheri-Fard, A., Moghaddam, M., Jahanbakhsh, S., & Mirnia, M. (2004). Selection of variables for the purpose of regionalization of Iran’s precipitation climate using multivariate methods. Journal of Hydrology, 297, 109 – 123.
Elderhorst, W. I. M. (1991). Water resources assessment in Yemen. Institute of Applied Geoscience Delft Buytaert, W., Celleri, R., Willems, P., De Bièvre, B., & Wyseure, G. (2006). Spatial and temporal rainfall variability in mountainous areas: A case study from the south Ecuadorian Andes. Journal of Hydrology, 329, 413 – 421.
Farquharson, F. A. K., Plinston, D. T., & Sutcliffe, J. V. (1996). Rainfall and runoff in Yemen. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 11 (5), 797 – 811.
Fiorillo, F., Esposito, L., & Guadagno, F. M. (2007). Analyses and forecast of water resources in an ultra-centenarian spring discharge series from Serino (Southern Italy). Journal of Hydrology, 336, 125 – 138.
Fleitmann, D., Burns, S. J., Mangini, A., Mudelsee, M., Kramers, J., Villa, I., Neff, U., Al-Subbary, A. A., Buettner, A., Hippler, D., & Matter, A. (2007). Holocene ITCZ and Indian monsoon dynamics recorded in stalagmites from Oman and Yemen (Socotra). Quaternary Science Reviews, 26, 170 – 188.
Greenbaum, N., Schwartz, U., Bergman, N. (2010). Extreme floods and short-term hydroclimatological fluctuations in the hyper-arid Dead Sea region, Israel. Global and Planetary Change, 70, 125 – 137.
Guzzetti, F., Reichenbach, P., Cardinali, M., Galli, M. & Ardizzone, F. (2005). Probabilistic landslide hazard assessment at the basin scale. Geomorphology, 72, 272 – 299.
Hannaford, J., Laize, C. L. R., & Marsh, T. J. (2007). An assessment of runoff trends in undisturbed catchments in the Celtic regions of North West Europe. In: Water in Celtic Countries: Quantity, Quality and Climate Variability (Proceedings of the Fourth InterCeltic Colloquium on Hydrology and Management of Water Resources, Guimarães, Portugal, July 2005), IAHS Publ. 310, 78 – 85.
Jia, Y., Wang, H., Zhou, Z., Qiu, Y., Luo, X., Wang, J., Yan, D., & Qin, D. (2006). Development of the WEP-L distributed hydrological model and dynamic assessment of water resources in the Yellow River basin. Journal of Hydrology, 331, 606 – 629.
Katreeb, H. (1998). Rain Sufficiency, all water rain and additional irrigation in the Western highland of Yemen. Sana’a University, Sana’a.
Kliment, Z., & Matouskova, M. (2008). Long-term trends of rainfall and runoff regime in upper Otava River Basin. Soil & Water Research, 3 (3), 155 – 167.
Le´zine, A. M., Salie´ge, J. F., Robert, C., Wertz, F., & Inizan, M. L. (1998). Holocene lakes from Ramlat as-Sab’atayn (Yemen) illustrate the impact of monsoon activity in Southern Arabia. Quaternary Research, 50, 290–299.
Luo, Y., Liu, S., Fu, S.L., Liu, J., Wang, G., & Zhou, G. (2008). Trends of precipitation in Beijiang River Basin, Guangdong Province, China. Hydrological Process, 22, 2377 – 2386.
Modarres, R., & de Silva, V. P. R. (2007). Rainfall trends in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Journal of Arid Environment, 70, 344 – 355.
Mohammed, D. H. (1988). Water resources assessment in Yemen Arab Republic. Institute of Applied Geoscience, Delft, the Netherland, p. 28.
Nouh, M. (2006). Wadi flow in the Arabian Gulf states. Hydrological Process, 20, 2393 – 2413.
Önöz, B., & Bayazit, M. (2003). The power of statistical tests for trend detection. Turkish Journal of Engineering & Environmental Sciences, 27, 247 – 251.
Oueslati, O., de Girolamo, A. M., Lo Porto, A., & Abouabdillah, A. (2009). Trend detection in river runoff across Mediterranean river basins, evaluation of results from Moroccan case study. 8th WorldWide Workshop for Young Environmental ScientistsWWW-YES2009: Urbanwaters: resource or risks? Jun 2009, Arcueil, France.
Pal, I., & Al-Tabbaa, A. (2010). Regional changes in extreme monsoon rainfall deficit and excess in India. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 49 (2–3), 206 – 214.
Pike, A. S. & Scatena, F. N. (2010). Riparian indicators of flow frequency in a tropical montane stream network. Journal of Hydrology, 382, 72 – 87.
Perry, C. A. (2008). Precipitation-frequency and Discharge-frequency Relations for Basins Less Than 32 Square Miles in Kansas. US Geological Survey, Kansas, USA.
Purvis, M. J., Bates, P. D. & Hayes, C. M. (2008). A probabilistic methodology to estimate future coastal flood risk due to sea level rise. Coastal Engineering, 55, 1062 – 1073
Ruelland, D., Ardoin-Bardin, S., Billen, G., Servat, E. (2008). Sensitivity of a lumped and semi-distributed hydrological model to several methods of rainfall interpolation on a large basin in West Africa. Journal of Hydrology, 361, 96 – 117.
Sen, P. (1968). Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall’s tau. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 63, 1379 – 1389.
Şen, Z. (2008). Rainfall Pattern. In. Wadi Hydrology; Şen, Z., Ed.; Taylor & Francis Group, New York, USA, 37 – 102.
Shahid, S. (2010). Rainfall variability and the trends of wet and dry periods in Bangladesh. International Journal of Climatology, 30, 2299 – 2313.
Shirazi, S. M., Ismail, Z., Akib, S., Sholichin, M., & Islam, M. A. (2011). Climatic parameters and net irrigation requirement of crops. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 6 (1), 15 – 26.
Srikanthan, R., & McMahon, T. A. (1985). Recurrence interval of drought events through stochastic analysis of rainfall and streamflow data. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 30, 197 – 206.
Subyani, A. M. (2004). Geostatistical study of annual and seasonal mean rainfall patterns in southwest Saudi Arabia. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 49, 803 – 818.
Subyani, A., Al-Modayan, A. & Al-Ahmadi, F. (2010). Topographic, seasonal and aridity influences on rainfall variability in western Saudi Arabia. Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 18, 1 – 11.
Symeonakis, E., Bonifaçio, R., & Drake, N. (2009). A comparison of rainfall estimation techniques for sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation & Geoinformation, 11, 15 – 26.
Taher, S., & Alshaikh, A. (1998). Spatial analysis of rainfall in southwest of Saudi Arabia using GIS. Hydrology Research, 29, 91 – 104.
Van der Gun, J. A. M., & Ahmed, A. (1995). The water resources of Yemen: A summary and digest of available information. Report WRAY-35, Water Resource Assessment Yemen. GDWRS/T No, Delft, The Netherlands.
Van der Gun, J. A. M., & Wesseling, H. (1991). Water resources assessment in Yemen. Report WRAY-4, Institute of Applied Geoscience, Delft, the Netherland.
Villarini, G., Smith, J. A., Serinaldi, F., Bales, J., Bates, P. D., & Krajewski, W. F. (2009). Flood frequency analysis for non-stationary annual peak records in an urban drainage basin. Advances in Water Resources, 32, 1255 – 1266.
Villarini, G., Smith, J. A., Baeck, M. L., Sturdevant-Rees, P., & Krajewski, W. F. (2010). Radar analyses of extreme rainfall and flooding in urban drainage basins. Journal of Hydrology, 381, 266 – 286.
Ward, A. D., & Trimble, S. W. (2003). Environmental Hydrology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, 21 – 51.
Yue, S., Pilon, P., & Cavadias, G. (2002). Power of the Mann-Kendall and Spearman’s rho tests for detecting monotonic trends in hydrological series. Journal of Hydrology, 259, 254 – 271.
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Published
2019-10-18
How to Cite
Al Ward, M. A., & Ismail, W. R. (2019). Precipitation analysis and water resource of Wadi Siham Basin, Yemen. GEOGRAFI, 7(2), 36–63. Retrieved from https://ojs.upsi.edu.my/index.php/GEOG/article/view/2814
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