A Systematic Review of Employee Retention: What’s Next in Pakistan?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/jcit.vol10.sp.4.2020Keywords:
Employee retention, Pakistan, Human resource practicesAbstract
The purpose of this paper is to review existing literature on the uncommon phenomenon of employee retention in the context of Pakistan. With that objective, this work utilizes literature on employee retention determinants. Based on the thorough literature review, it was found that human resource practices, motivation and compensation are the most highlighted factors in the banking, education and telecom sectors of Pakistan. In addition, the social exchange theory was found to be the most frequently used theory for explaining the phenomenon. Further exploration of employee retention is needed to better comprehend this concept in terms of industry, methodology and theory. For example, retail, manufacturing, hotels and healthcare sectors that have been neglected in past researches could be explored in future studies in Pakistan. Methodology wise, the application of the partial least square method could be a valuable addition to the new studies. Lastly, on the theoretical side, new theories other than the social exchange theory could be empirically incorporated such as the resource-based theory, knowledge base theory and dynamic capability theory which could provide a promising area of research.
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References
Ahmad, N., Iqbal, N., & Sheeraz, M. (2012). The effect of internal marketing on employee retention in Pakistani banks. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(8), 270-28
Akhtar, C.S., Aamir, A., Khurshid, M.A., Abro, M.M.Q., & Hussain, J. (2015). Total rewards and retention: Case study of higher education institutions in Pakistan. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 210(2015), 251-259.
Ali, J., Ahmed, M.A., Shaharyar, M., Haseeb, M., & Zahoor, R. (2014). The Impact of Internal Marketing on the Employee's Retention in Sialkot Industries. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(9), 478-489.
Anis, A., Khan, M.A., & Humayoun, A.A. (2011). Impact of organizational commitment on job satisfaction and employee retention in pharmaceutical industry. African Journal of Business Management, 5(17), 7316-7324.
Anis, A., Nasir, A., & Safwan, N. (2011). Employee retention relationship to training and development: A compensation perspective. African journal of business management, 5(7), 26-79.
Aslam, R., Shumaila, S., Azhar, M., & Sadaqat, S. (2011). Work-family conflicts: Relationship between work-life conflict and employee retention–A comparative study of public and private sector employees. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, 1(2), 18-29.
Bibi, P., Pangil, F., Johari, J., & Ahmad, A. (2017). The Impact of Compensation and Promotional Opportunities on Employee Retention in Academic Institutions: The Moderating Role of Work Environment. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(1), 378-391.
Butt, A., Lodhi, R.N., & Shahzad, M.K. (2020). Staff retention: a factor of sustainable competitive advantage in the higher education sector of Pakistan. Studies in Higher Education, 1-21. 10.1080/03075079.2019.1711038
Ejaz, S., & Akbar, W. (2015). An effectiveness of human resource management practices on employee retention findings from insurance companies of Karachi. European Journal of Business and Management, 7(7), 27-33.
Ghulam, W.A., Ali, W., Ali, S., Khan, M.M., Khan, R.N.A., & Farooq, M. (2019). Investigating Factors Influencing Brain Drain of Citizens of Azad Kashmir Pakistan. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 5(3), 782-788.
Gul, A., Akbar, S., & Jan, Z. (2012). Role of Capacity Development, Employee empowerment and Promotion on Employee Retention in the banking sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(9), 284-300.
Haider, M., Rasli, A., Akhtar, C.S., Yusoff, R.B.M., Malik, O.M., Aamir, A., ... & Tariq, F. (2015). The impact of human resource practices on employee retention in the telecom sector. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(1S), 63-69.
Hussain, T., & Rehman, S.S. (2013). Do human resource management practices inspire employees’ retention. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 6(19), 3625-3633.
Imam, T., Ali, H., & Soo, H.S. (2018). Dilemma of Employee Retention through the Lens of Organizational Politics: A Quantitative Study on Pharmaceutical Industry of Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 8(3), 26-36.
Iqbal, S., & Hashmi, M.S. (2015). Impact of perceived organizational support on employee retention with mediating role of psychological empowerment. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 9(1), 18-34.
Iqbal, S., Guohao, L., & Akhtar, S. (2017). Effects of job organizational culture, benefits, salary on job satisfaction ultimately affecting employee retention. Review of Public Administration and Management, 5(3), 1-7.
Janjua, B.H., & Gulzar, A. (2014). The impact of human resource practices on employee commitment and employee retention in telecom sector of Pakistan: Exploring the mediating role of employee loyalty. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(1), 76-81.
Khalid, K., & Nawab, S. (2018). Employee participation and employee retention in view of compensation. SAGE Open, 8(4), 1-7.
Khalid, N., Pahi, M.H., & Ahmed, U. (2016). Loosing your best talent: Can leadership retain employees? The dilemma of the banking sector of Hyderabad Sindh, Pakistan: A mediation investigation. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(3), 608-616.
Khan, A.A., Mahmood, B., Ayoub, M., & Hussain, S. (2011). An empirical study of retention issues in hotel industry: A case study of Serena Hotel, Faisalabad, Pakistan. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 1(29), 7-18.
Khan, M.A., & Ahmad, N.S.A. (2011). Modeling link between internal service quality in human resources management and employees retention: A case of Pakistani privatized and public sector banks. African Journal of Business Management, 5(3), 949-959.
Khan, R.I., Aslam, H.D., & Lodhi, I. (2011). Compensation Management: A strategic conduit towards achieving employee retention and Job Satisfaction in Banking Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Human Resource studies, 1(1), 89-97.
Malik, M.I., Sajjad, M., Hyder, S., Ahmad, M.S., Ahmed, J., & Hussain, S. (2013). Role overload: A cause of diminishing employee retention and productivity. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 18(11), 1573-1577.
Masood, A. (2013). Effects of job stress on employee retention: a study on banking sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(9), 1-8.
Najib, M., Abdullah, S., Narresh, S., & Juni, M. H. (2019). Brain-drain phenomenon among healthcare workers. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 6(3), 90-103.
Nasir, F., Ashraf, M., & Riaz, M. (2019). The Role of Gender in Employee Retention: A Study of Private Hospitals in Karachi. International Journal of Experiential Learning & Case Studies, 4(1), 157-171.
Nasir, S.Z., & Mahmood, N. (2016). Determinants of employee retention: An evidence from Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(9), 182-194.
Nasir, S.Z., & Mahmood, N. (2018). A Study of Effect of Employee Retention on Organizational Competence. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(4), 408-415.
Nawaz, N., Jahanian, A., & Tehreem, S. (2012). Determinants of employee retention in Pakistan International Airlines (PIA). European Journal of Business and Management, 4(7), 45-53.
Razaq, A., Sabir, M., & Hameed, R.M. (2012). Retention of adept employees: Preliminary study on PTC-Pakistan. Journal of Business and Management, 3(5), 13-16.
Saeed, R., Nayyab, H.H., Lodhi, R.N., Baqir, R., Rehman, M.A., & Mussawar, S. (2013). Impact of retention factors on organizational commitment in general education division of Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 17(4), 539-545.
Saleem, M., & Affandi, H. (2014). HR Practices and Employees Retention, an empirical analysis of Pharmaceutical sector of Pakistan. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(6), 111-116.
Sarmad, M., Ajmal, M.M., Shamim, M., Saleh, M., & Malik, A. (2016). Motivation and Compensation as Predictors of Employees' Retention: Evidence From Public Sector Oil and Gas Selling Organizations. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 26(2), 174-188.
Shah, M., & Asad, M. (2018). Effect of motivation on employee retention: Mediating role of perceived organizational support. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(2), 511-520.
Shoaib, M., Noor, A., Tirmizi, S.R., & Bashir, S. (2009). Determinants of employee retention in telecom sector of Pakistan. Proceedings of the 2nd CBRC, Lahore, Pakistan, 14, 1-18.
Siddiqui, F. (2018). Impact of Retention Strategies on Employee Turnover: A Case in Point. Journal of Resources Development and Management, 42(1), 1-10.
Tatlah, I.A., Anwar, M., & Amin, M. (2017). Effect of Human Resource Practices on Employees' Retention in a Private University of Pakistan. Journal of Educational Research (1027-9776), 20(1), 100-112.
Warraich, N.F., Ameen, K., & Malik, A. (2019). Recruitment and retention of information professionals: library leaders’ perspectives in Pakistan. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication. 10.1108/GKMC-01-2019-0003
Akhtar, C.S., Aamir, A., Khurshid, M.A., Abro, M.M.Q., & Hussain, J. (2015). Total rewards and retention: Case study of higher education institutions in Pakistan. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 210(2015), 251-259.
Ali, J., Ahmed, M.A., Shaharyar, M., Haseeb, M., & Zahoor, R. (2014). The Impact of Internal Marketing on the Employee's Retention in Sialkot Industries. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(9), 478-489.
Anis, A., Khan, M.A., & Humayoun, A.A. (2011). Impact of organizational commitment on job satisfaction and employee retention in pharmaceutical industry. African Journal of Business Management, 5(17), 7316-7324.
Anis, A., Nasir, A., & Safwan, N. (2011). Employee retention relationship to training and development: A compensation perspective. African journal of business management, 5(7), 26-79.
Aslam, R., Shumaila, S., Azhar, M., & Sadaqat, S. (2011). Work-family conflicts: Relationship between work-life conflict and employee retention–A comparative study of public and private sector employees. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, 1(2), 18-29.
Bibi, P., Pangil, F., Johari, J., & Ahmad, A. (2017). The Impact of Compensation and Promotional Opportunities on Employee Retention in Academic Institutions: The Moderating Role of Work Environment. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(1), 378-391.
Butt, A., Lodhi, R.N., & Shahzad, M.K. (2020). Staff retention: a factor of sustainable competitive advantage in the higher education sector of Pakistan. Studies in Higher Education, 1-21. 10.1080/03075079.2019.1711038
Ejaz, S., & Akbar, W. (2015). An effectiveness of human resource management practices on employee retention findings from insurance companies of Karachi. European Journal of Business and Management, 7(7), 27-33.
Ghulam, W.A., Ali, W., Ali, S., Khan, M.M., Khan, R.N.A., & Farooq, M. (2019). Investigating Factors Influencing Brain Drain of Citizens of Azad Kashmir Pakistan. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 5(3), 782-788.
Gul, A., Akbar, S., & Jan, Z. (2012). Role of Capacity Development, Employee empowerment and Promotion on Employee Retention in the banking sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(9), 284-300.
Haider, M., Rasli, A., Akhtar, C.S., Yusoff, R.B.M., Malik, O.M., Aamir, A., ... & Tariq, F. (2015). The impact of human resource practices on employee retention in the telecom sector. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(1S), 63-69.
Hussain, T., & Rehman, S.S. (2013). Do human resource management practices inspire employees’ retention. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 6(19), 3625-3633.
Imam, T., Ali, H., & Soo, H.S. (2018). Dilemma of Employee Retention through the Lens of Organizational Politics: A Quantitative Study on Pharmaceutical Industry of Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 8(3), 26-36.
Iqbal, S., & Hashmi, M.S. (2015). Impact of perceived organizational support on employee retention with mediating role of psychological empowerment. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 9(1), 18-34.
Iqbal, S., Guohao, L., & Akhtar, S. (2017). Effects of job organizational culture, benefits, salary on job satisfaction ultimately affecting employee retention. Review of Public Administration and Management, 5(3), 1-7.
Janjua, B.H., & Gulzar, A. (2014). The impact of human resource practices on employee commitment and employee retention in telecom sector of Pakistan: Exploring the mediating role of employee loyalty. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(1), 76-81.
Khalid, K., & Nawab, S. (2018). Employee participation and employee retention in view of compensation. SAGE Open, 8(4), 1-7.
Khalid, N., Pahi, M.H., & Ahmed, U. (2016). Loosing your best talent: Can leadership retain employees? The dilemma of the banking sector of Hyderabad Sindh, Pakistan: A mediation investigation. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(3), 608-616.
Khan, A.A., Mahmood, B., Ayoub, M., & Hussain, S. (2011). An empirical study of retention issues in hotel industry: A case study of Serena Hotel, Faisalabad, Pakistan. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 1(29), 7-18.
Khan, M.A., & Ahmad, N.S.A. (2011). Modeling link between internal service quality in human resources management and employees retention: A case of Pakistani privatized and public sector banks. African Journal of Business Management, 5(3), 949-959.
Khan, R.I., Aslam, H.D., & Lodhi, I. (2011). Compensation Management: A strategic conduit towards achieving employee retention and Job Satisfaction in Banking Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Human Resource studies, 1(1), 89-97.
Malik, M.I., Sajjad, M., Hyder, S., Ahmad, M.S., Ahmed, J., & Hussain, S. (2013). Role overload: A cause of diminishing employee retention and productivity. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 18(11), 1573-1577.
Masood, A. (2013). Effects of job stress on employee retention: a study on banking sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(9), 1-8.
Najib, M., Abdullah, S., Narresh, S., & Juni, M. H. (2019). Brain-drain phenomenon among healthcare workers. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 6(3), 90-103.
Nasir, F., Ashraf, M., & Riaz, M. (2019). The Role of Gender in Employee Retention: A Study of Private Hospitals in Karachi. International Journal of Experiential Learning & Case Studies, 4(1), 157-171.
Nasir, S.Z., & Mahmood, N. (2016). Determinants of employee retention: An evidence from Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(9), 182-194.
Nasir, S.Z., & Mahmood, N. (2018). A Study of Effect of Employee Retention on Organizational Competence. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(4), 408-415.
Nawaz, N., Jahanian, A., & Tehreem, S. (2012). Determinants of employee retention in Pakistan International Airlines (PIA). European Journal of Business and Management, 4(7), 45-53.
Razaq, A., Sabir, M., & Hameed, R.M. (2012). Retention of adept employees: Preliminary study on PTC-Pakistan. Journal of Business and Management, 3(5), 13-16.
Saeed, R., Nayyab, H.H., Lodhi, R.N., Baqir, R., Rehman, M.A., & Mussawar, S. (2013). Impact of retention factors on organizational commitment in general education division of Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 17(4), 539-545.
Saleem, M., & Affandi, H. (2014). HR Practices and Employees Retention, an empirical analysis of Pharmaceutical sector of Pakistan. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(6), 111-116.
Sarmad, M., Ajmal, M.M., Shamim, M., Saleh, M., & Malik, A. (2016). Motivation and Compensation as Predictors of Employees' Retention: Evidence From Public Sector Oil and Gas Selling Organizations. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 26(2), 174-188.
Shah, M., & Asad, M. (2018). Effect of motivation on employee retention: Mediating role of perceived organizational support. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(2), 511-520.
Shoaib, M., Noor, A., Tirmizi, S.R., & Bashir, S. (2009). Determinants of employee retention in telecom sector of Pakistan. Proceedings of the 2nd CBRC, Lahore, Pakistan, 14, 1-18.
Siddiqui, F. (2018). Impact of Retention Strategies on Employee Turnover: A Case in Point. Journal of Resources Development and Management, 42(1), 1-10.
Tatlah, I.A., Anwar, M., & Amin, M. (2017). Effect of Human Resource Practices on Employees' Retention in a Private University of Pakistan. Journal of Educational Research (1027-9776), 20(1), 100-112.
Warraich, N.F., Ameen, K., & Malik, A. (2019). Recruitment and retention of information professionals: library leaders’ perspectives in Pakistan. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication. 10.1108/GKMC-01-2019-0003
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Published
2020-07-30
How to Cite
Aman-Ullah, A., Aziz, A., & Ibrahim, H. (2020). A Systematic Review of Employee Retention: What’s Next in Pakistan?. Journal of Contemporary Issues and Thought, 10, 36–45. https://doi.org/10.37134/jcit.vol10.sp.4.2020
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