Perceived Cultural Ecosystem Services Benefits among Working Communities in Urban Green Space: Penang Botanical Gardens
Penerimaan Manfaat Perkhidmatan Ekosistem Budaya dalam Kalangan Komuniti Bekerja di Kawasan Hijau Bandar: Taman Botani Pulau Pinang
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/geografi.vol10.1.5.2022Keywords:
Green Spaces, Benefits, Cultural Ecosystem Services, Working Community, CitiesAbstract
The existence of green spaces in the city is one of the crucial elements in the context of sustainable cities and communities. The growing urban population in the world today paints a clear picture of rapid development and progress in urban areas. This explains the hustle and bustle of people going about their daily activities, which can lead to a stressful life. Therefore, the city's green areas and natural ecosystems can rebalance the lives of working communities in the city. This preliminary study was conducted to identify the benefits of the community working in the city through the concept of cultural ecosystem services. Twenty-four respondents in the working community were selected as a sample of the study. A set of questionnaires containing 15 question items was prepared using the Likert scale. The results showed positive results on the benefits of cultural ecosystem services received (mean overall = 3.52) for the parameters used in this study, namely recreation and health, aesthetic value, spirituality, social interaction, education, and nature exploration. In conclusion, urban green areas are crucial in offering various benefits of cultural ecosystem services to rebalance urban working communities' well-being and quality of life. However, ongoing research is necessary to assist the planning and management of green areas to understand the need for the benefits of cultural ecosystem services required by urban communities.
Downloads
References
Abdullah, S., Adnan, M. S. G., Barua, D., Murshed, M. M., Kabir, Z., Chowdhury, M. . H., & Dewan, A. (2022). Urban green and blue space changes: A spatiotemporal evaluation of impacts on ecosystem service value in Bangladesh. Ecological Informatics, 70, 101730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101730
Ahmed, M. R., & Hassan, R. (2003). People’s perception towards value of urban greenspace in environmental development. Proceeding of XII World Forestry Congress, September, 2003 (pp. 23-30). United Nations.
Ali, S., Sulistiowati, R., Wulandari, C., & Riniarti, M. (2021). Maximizing the social- economy impacts of urban green space in several cities in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 918(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/918/1/012007
Andersson, E., Tengö, M., McPhearson, T., & Kremer, P. (2014). Cultural ecosystem services as a gateway for improving urban sustainability. Ecosystem Services, 12, 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.08.002
Asyirah Abdul Rahim, Mohammad Izzamil Mohd Nasir, & Siti Norafiza Faisal Tiong. (2017). Urban rivers and communities: Exploring the links of cultural benefits of Air Itam River and Perlis River. Prosiding Persidangan Kebangsaan Masyarakat, Ruang dan Alam Sekitar, Februari, 2017 (pp. 311-319). Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Bakti Hasan-Basri, B., Zaiton Samdin, Z., & Awang Noor Ghani, A. N. (2020). Willingness to pay for conservation of mangrove forest in Kuala Perlis, Malaysia. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 54(3),89-99.
Bank Dunia. (2013). World development report 2014: Risk and opportunity-managing risk for development. The World Bank.Baur, J. W. (2018). Urban green spaces, recreationand spiritual experiences. Leisure/loisir, 42(2), 205-229.
Bolund, P., Hunhammar, S. (1999). Ecosystem services in urban areas. Ecological Economics, 29(2), 293-301.
Borg, R., Dalli Gonzi, R., & Borg, S. P. (2020). Building sustainably: a pilot study on the project manager's contribution in delivering sustainable construction projects—a Maltese and international perspective. Sustainability, 12(23), 10162.
Buchel, S., & Frantzeskaki, N. (2015). Citizens’ voice: A case study about perceived ecosystem services by urban park users in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Ecosystem Services, 12, 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.11.014
Burdette, H. L., & Whitaker, R. C. (2005). Resurrecting free play in young children looking beyond fitness and fatness to attention, affiliation, and affect. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159(1), 46-50.
Buchel, S., & Frantzeskaki, N. (2015). Citizens’ voice: A case study about perceived
ecosystem services by urban park users in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Ecosystem Services, 12, 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.11.014
Caparrós-Martínez, J. L., Martínez-Vázquez, R. M., & de Pablo Valenciano, J. (2022).
Analysis and global research trends on nautical tourism and green coastal
infrastructures: the case of coral reefs and seagrass meadows. Environmental Sciences Europe, 34(1), 1-13.
Carpenter, S. R., Bennett, E. M., & Peterson, G. D. (2006). Scenarios for ecosystem services: An overview. Ecology and Society, 11(1).
Chan, K. M., Guerry, A. D., Balvanera, P., Klain, S., Satterfield, T., Basurto, X., & Woodside, U. (2012). Where are cultural and social in ecosystem services? A framework for constructive engagement. BioScience, 62(8), 744-756.
Cheng, X., Van Damme, S., Li, L., & Uyttenhove, P. (2022). Cultural ecosystem services in an urban park: understanding bundles, trade-offs, and synergies. Landscape Ecology, 37(6), 1693-1705.
Chenoweth, R. E., & Gobster, P. H. (1990). The nature and ecology of aesthetic experiences in the landscape. Landscape journal, 9(1), 1-8.
Chiesura, A. (2003). The role of urban parks for the sustainability city. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68(1), 129-138.
Conroy, R. (2015). Sample size A rough guide. Retreived from http://www.beaumontethics.ie/docs/application/samplesizecalculation.pdf.
Costanza, R. (2008) Ecosystem services: multiple classification systems are needed. Biological Conservation, 141, 350–352.
Costanza, R., de Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., & Van Den Belt, M. (1998). The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Ecological economics, 25(1), 3-15.
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods
Approaches. Lincoln: SAGE Publications.
Dai, P., Zhang, S., Chen, Z., Gong, Y., & Hou, H. (2019). Perceptions of cultural ecosystem services in urban parks based on social network data. Sustainability, 11(19), 5386.
Dang, H., & Li, J. (2021). The integration of urban streetscapes provides the possibility to fully quantify the ecological landscape of urban green spaces: A case study of Xi’an city. Ecological Indicators, 133, 108388.
Danjaji, A. S. A., Ariffin, M., Sharaai, A. H., & Yunos, Y. M. (2018). Impact of urban green space attribute on visitors' satisfaction in Putrajaya: Malaysia. International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development, 17(1),19-35.
Dou, Y., Yu, X., Bakker, M., De Groot, R., Carsjens, G. J., Duan, H., & Huang, C. (2020). Analysis of the relationship between cross-cultural perceptions of landscapes and cultural ecosystem services in Genheyuan region, Northeast China. Ecosystem Services, 43, 101112.
Enssle, F., & Kabisch, N. (2020). Urban green spaces for the social interaction, health and well-being of older people—An integrated view of urban ecosystem services and socio-environmental justice. Environmental Science & Policy, 109, 36-44.
Fairuzzimah, D. N., & Foo, J. (2021). Penyertaan komuniti tempatan dalam pemuliharaan ekosistem sungai mansahaban berasaskan Sistem Bombon di Kg. Marakau, Ranau.: Local community participation in the conservation ecosystem of Sungai Mansahaban based on Bombon System in Kg. Marakau, Ranau. Journal of Borneo Social Transformation Studies, 7(1), 56-64.
Fengdi, M. (2020). Spatial equity analysis of urban green space based on Spatial Design Network Analysis (sDNA): A case study of central Jinan, China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 102256.
Fisher, B., & Turner, R. K. (2008). Ecosystem services: classification for valuation. Biological Conservation, 141(5), 1167-1169.
Fisher, B., Turner, R. K., & Morling, P. (2009). Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making. Ecological Economics, 68(3), 643-653.
García-Díez, V., García-Llorente, M., & González, J. A. (2020). Participatory mapping of cultural ecosystem services in Madrid: Insights for landscape planning. Land, 9(8), 244.
Gascon, M., Triguero-Mas, M., Martínez, D., Dadvand, P., Forns, J., Plasència, A., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2015). Mental health benefits of long-term exposure to residential green and blue spaces: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(4), 4354-4379. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1204043544
Gasparatos, A., Stromberg, P., & Takeuchi, K. (2011). Biofuels, ecosystem services and human wellbeing: Putting biofuels in the ecosystem services narrative. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 142(3-4), 111-128.
Gould, R. K., Coleman, K., & Gluck, S. B. (2018). Exploring dynamism of cultural ecosystems services through a review of environmental education research. Ambio, 47(8), 869-883.
Grimm, N. B., Faeth, S. H., Golubiewski, N. E., Redman, C. L., Wu, J., Bai, X., & Briggs, J. M. (2008). Global change and the ecology of cities. science, 319(5864), 756-760.
Guo, Z., Zhang, L., & Li, Y. (2010). Increased dependence of humans on ecosystem services and biodiversity. PloS one, 5(10), e13113.
Haq, A., Md, S., Islam, M. N., Siddhanta, A., Ahmed, K. J., & Chowdhury, M. T. A. (2021). Public Perceptions of Urban Green Spaces: Convergences and Divergences. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 112.
Hari, R., & Kujala, M. V. (2009). Brain basis of human social interaction: from concepts to brain imaging. Physiological reviews, 89(2), 453-479.
Harmon, D. (2004, June). Intangible values of protected areas: what are they? Why do they matter? In The George Wright Forum (Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 9-22). George Wright Society.
Hill, R. (1998). What sample size is “enough” in internet survey research. Interpersonal Computing and Technology: An electronic journal for the 21st century, 6(3-4), 1-12.
Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa (2010). Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa Semenanjung Malaysia: Garis Panduan Perancangan Tanah Lapang dan Kawasan Rekreasi.
Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. (2020). Laporan Survei Pendapatan Isi Rumah dan Kemudahan Asas Mengikut Negeri dan Daerah Pentadbiran. Dimuat turun daripada https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/uploads/files/1_Articles_By_Themes/Prices/HIES/HIS-Report/HIS_Pulau_Pinang.pdf. Diakses pada 6 Oktober 2022.
Jiang, W., & Marggraf, R. (2021). Making Intangibles Tangible: Identifying Manifestations of Cultural Ecosystem Services in a Cultural Landscape. Land, 11(1), 26.
Jones, L., Boeri, M., Christie, M., Durance, I., Evans, K. L., Fletcher, D., & Waters, R. (2022). Can we model cultural ecosystem services, and are we measuring the right things? . People and Nature, 4(1), 166-179.
Koh, Y. F., Loc, H. H., & Park, E. (2022). Towards a “City in Nature”: Evaluating the Cultural Ecosystem Services Approach Using Online Public Participation GIS to Support Urban Green Space Management. Sustainability, 14(3), 1499.
Landell, K. (1997). Management by menu. London: Wilay and Sms Inc.
Langemeyer, J., Baró, F., Roebeling, P., & Gómez-Baggethun, E. (2015). Contrastingvalues of cultural ecosystem services in urban areas: The case of park Montjuïcin Barcelona. Ecosystem Services, 12, 178-186.
Lomba, A., da Costa, J. F., Ramil-Rego, P., & Corbelle-Rico, E. (2022). Assessing the link between farming systems and biodiversity in agricultural landscapes: Insights from Galicia (Spain). Journal of Environmental Management, 317, 115335.
Ma, B., Zhou, T., Lei, S., Wen, Y., & Htun, T. T. (2019). Effects of urban green spaces on residents' well-being. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 21(6), 2793-2809.
Martín-López, B., Iniesta-Arandia, I., García-Llorente, M., Palomo, I., Casado-Arzuaga, I., Amo, D. G. D., & Montes, C. (2012). Uncovering ecosystem service bundles through social preferences. PLoS one, 7(6), e38970.
Matthew, N. K., Shuib, A., Raja Gopal, N. G., & Zheng, G. I. (2022). Economic Value of Recreation as an Ecosystem Service in Ayer Keroh Recreational Forest, Malaysia. Sustainability, 14(9), 4935.
MEA. (2003). Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and human well-being: a framework for assessment. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Series, Island Press, Washington DC.
MEA. (2005). Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and human well-being: biodiversity synthesis. Island Press, Washington DC.
Mesimäki, M., Hauru, K., & Lehvävirta, S. (2019). Do small green roofs have the possibility to offer recreational and experiential benefits in a dense urban area? A case study in Helsinki, Finland. Urban forestry & urban greening, 40, 114-124.
Mohammad Izzamil Mohd Nasir & Asyirah Abdul Rahim. (2016). Community Perceptions of the Cultural Ecosystem Services of River Corridors Recreational Spaces in Sungai Pinang Catchment Area, Malaysia. Dalam Khoo, S. L., Abdul Rahim, A. & Chan, N. W. (Eds.), Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Society, Space & Environment 2016 (58-65). School of Social Sciences and School of Humanities, USM.
Mohammad Izzamil Mohd Nasir & Asyirah Abdul Rahim. (2020). Community attitude towards urban green-blue space and perceived cultural ecosystem benefits: A preliminary study at Taiping Lake Garden, Perak, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 5(11), 228-239
Mohammad Izzamil Mohd Nasir & Asyirah Abdul Rahim. (2021). Connecting Community Characteristics and Willingness to Participate in Green-Blue Space Management: A Preliminary Study at Taiping Lake Garden, Perak, Malaysia. International Journal of Sustainable Tropical Design Research and Practice (ALAM CIPTA), 14(2), 1-8.
Mohd Azmeer Abu Bakar, Asyirah Abdul Rahim, & Mohammad Izzamil Mohd Nasir. (2022). Understanding the importance of provisioning ecosystem services in natural resource-dependent poor household: A case study of Jerlun, Kedah. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 12(9), 339-354. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i9/14492
Mohd Azmeer Abu Bakar, Asyirah Abdul Rahim, & Mohammad Izzamil Mohd Nasir. (2020). Pengetahuan terhadap perkhidmatan ekosistem dan sumbangannya kepada kehidupan komuniti di Kuala Sepetang, Perak., Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 16(1). 139-154. DOI: 10.17576/geo-2020-1601-11
Mohd Noor, M. I., N. Alagappar, P., Then, A. Y. H., Justine, E. V., Lim, V. C., & Goh, H. C. (2022). Perspectives of youths on cultural ecosystem services provided by Tun Mustapha Park, Malaysia through a participatory approach. Environmental Education Research, 1-18.
Musa, S. M. S., Senapi, N., Shafii, H., Yassin, A. M., & Zainal, R. (2018). Kepentingan penyediaan elemen landskap di kawasan rekreasi Tasik Darulaman, Jitra, Kedah. Geografi, 6(2), 67-75.
Nath, T. K., Han, S. S. Z., & Lechner, A. M. (2018). Urban green space and well-being in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 36, 34-41.
Nawrath, M., Elsey, H., & Dallimer, M. (2022). Why cultural ecosystem services matter most: Exploring the pathways linking greenspaces and mental health in a low-income country. Science of The Total Environment, 806, 150551.
Ngulani, T., & Shackleton, C. M. (2019). Use of public urban green spaces for spiritual services in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 38, 97-104.
Niemelä, J., Saarela, S. R., Söderman, T., Kopperoinen, L., Yli-Pelkonen, V., Väre, S., & Kotze, D. J. (2010). Using the ecosystem services approach for better planning and conservation of urban green spaces: a Finland case study. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19(11), 3225-3243.
Oja, P. (1996). Exercise and family health. Paper presented at the 6th World Sport for All Congress, Seoul, Korea.
Oviedo, M., Drescher, M., & Dean, J. (2022). Urban greenspace access, uses, and values: A case study of user perceptions in metropolitan ravine parks. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 70, 127522.
Pereira, P., & Baró, F. (2022). Greening the city: Thriving for biodiversity and sustainability. Science of The Total Environment, 153032.
Petit-Boix, A., & Apul, D. (2018). From cascade to bottom-up ecosystem services model: How does social cohesion emerge from urban agriculture? Sustainability, 10(4), 998.
Phillips, A., Khan, A. Z., & Canters, F. (2021). Use-related and socio-demographic variations in urban green space preferences. Sustainability, 13(6), 3461.
Pinto, L., Ferreira, C. S., & Pereira, P. (2021). Environmental and socioeconomic factors influencing the use of urban green spaces in Coimbra (Portugal). Science of The Total Environment, 792, 148293.
Plieninger, T., Dijks, S., Oteros-Rozas, E., & Bieling, C. (2013). Assessing, mapping, and quantifying cultural ecosystem services at community level. Land use policy, 33, 118-129.
Plieninger, T., Van der Horst, D., Schleyer, C., & Bieling, C. (2014). Sustaining ecosystem services in cultural landscapes. Ecology and Society, 19(2).
Puhakka, R. (2021). University students' participation in outdoor recreation and the perceived well-being effects of nature. Journal of outdoor recreation and tourism, 36, 100425.
Quetier, F., Rivoal, F., Marty, P., de Chazal, J., Thuiller, W., & Lavorel, S. (2010). Social representations of an alpine grassland landscape and socio-political discourses on rural development. Regional Environmental Change, 10(2), 119-130.
Rall, E., Bieling, C., Zytynska, S., & Haase, D. (2017). Exploring city-wide patterns of cultural ecosystem service perceptions and use. Ecological Indicators, 77, 80-95.
Raman, T. L., Abdul Aziz, N. A., & Yaakob, S. S. N. (2021). The Effects of Different Natural Environment Influences on Health and Psychological Well-Being of People: A Case Study in Selangor. Sustainability, 13(15), 8597.
Ribeiro, F. P., & Ribeiro, K. T. (2016). Participative mapping of cultural ecosystem services in Pedra Branca State Park, Brazil. Natureza & Conservação, 14(2), 120-127.
Riechers, M., Barkmann, J., & Tscharntke, T. (2018). Diverging perceptions by social groups on cultural ecosystem services provided by urban green. Landscape and Urban Planning, 175, 161-168.
Rosehan, N. S., Abas, A., & Aiyub, K. (2020). Measuring the Urban Ecosystem Services Based on Residents Perception In Malacca City, Malaysia. RSU International Research Conference 2020 (1605-1613).
Russell, R., Guerry, A. D., Balvanera, P., Gould, R. K., Basurto, X., Chan, K. M., & Tam, J. (2013). Humans and nature: how knowing and experiencing nature affect well-being. Annual review of environment and resources, 38, 473-502.
Salina Mohamed Ali & Abdul Hadi Nawawi. (2006). Factors that influence users' satisfaction on urban park : comparison between KLCC park and Subang Recreation Park. Research Reports. Institute of Research, Development and Commercialization. Universiti Teknologi MARA.
Sang, Å. O., Hagemann, F. A., Ekelund, N., & Svännel, J. (2021). Urban ecosystem services in strategic planning in Swedish municipalities. Urban Ecosystems, 24(6), 1343-1357.
Sanyé-Mengual, E., Specht, K., Vávra, J., Artmann, M., Orsini, F., & Gianquinto, G. (2020). Ecosystem services of urban agriculture: perceptions of project leaders, stakeholders and the general public. Sustainability, 12(24), 10446.
Sattler, C., Loft, L., Mann, C., & Meyer, C. (2018). Methods in ecosystem services governance analysis: An introduction. Ecosystem services, 34, 155-168.
Shah Md Atiqul Haq (2011). Urban green spaces and an integrative approach to sustainable environment. Journal of environmental protection, 2(5), 601-608.
Song, P., Kim, G., Mayer, A., He, R., & Tian, G. (2020). Assessing the ecosystem services of various types of urban green spaces based on i-Tree Eco. Sustainability, 12(4), 1630.
Suhaila Ab Hamid, Siti Hamidah, Norshamiera Normi, Amila Faqhira Zainodin, & Mohd Hafizul Hasmadi. (2018). Aquatic insects assemblage in Penang Botanic Garden. Serangga, 23(1), 46-57.
Sultana, R., & Selim, S. (2021). Residents' perceptions of the role and management of green spaces to provide cultural ecosystem services in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Ecology and Society, 26(4).
Sun, Y., Tan, S., He, Q., & Shen, J. (2022). Influence Mechanisms of Community Sports Parks to Enhance Social Interaction: A Bayesian Belief Network Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1466.
The World Bank (2014). Urban population: Malaysia.
Tony, I. (2020, November). Urban Living with Nature: Design for Human-nature Interactions in Communal Green Spaces at Residential High-rises. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 588, No. 5, p. 052002). IOP Publishing.
Torres, A. V., Tiwari, C., & Atkinson, S. F. (2021). Progress in ecosystem services research: A guide for scholars and practitioners. Ecosystem Services, 49, 101267.
Tzoulas, K., Korpela, K., Venn, S., Yli-Pelkonen, V., Kamierczak, A., Niemela, J., & James, P. (2007). Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using Green Infrastructure: A literature review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 81(3), 167–178. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.02.001
Ureta, J. C., Vassalos, M., Motallebi, M., Baldwin, R., & Ureta, J. (2020). Using stakeholders' preference for ecosystems and ecosystem services as an economic basis underlying strategic conservation planning. Heliyon, 6(12), e05827.
Veerkamp, C. J., Schipper, A. M., Hedlund, K., Lazarova, T., Nordin, A., & Hanson, H. I. (2021). A review of studies assessing ecosystem services provided by urban green and blue infrastructure. Ecosystem Services, 52, 101367.
Whitehead, A. L., Julious, S. A., Cooper, C. L., & Campbell, M. J. (2016). Estimating the sample size for a pilot randomised trial to minimise the overall trial sample size for the external pilot and main trial for a continuous outcome variable. Statistical methods in medical research, 25(3), 1057-1073.
Wilkinson, C., Saarne, T., Peterson, G. D., & Colding, J. (2013). Strategic spatial planning and the ecosystem services concept–an historical exploration. Ecology and Society, 18(1).
Xie, X., Zhou, H., Gou, Z., & Yi, M. (2021). Spatiotemporal Patterns of the Use of Green Space by White-Collar Workers in Chinese Cities: A Study in Shenzhen. Land, 10(10), 1006.
Xu, C., Chen, G., Huang, Q., Su, M., Rong, Q., Yue, W., & Haase, D. (2022). Can improving the spatial equity of urban green space mitigate the effect of urban heat islands? An empirical study. Science of The Total Environment, 841, 156687.
Zhang, K., Tang, X., Zhao, Y., Huang, B., Huang, L., Liu, M., & Wan, J. (2022). Differing perceptions of the youth and the elderly regarding cultural ecosystem services in urban parks: An exploration of the tour experience. Science of The Total Environment, 821, 153388.
Žlender, V., & Gemin, S. (2020). Testing urban dwellers' sense of place towards leisure and recreational peri-urban green open spaces in two Europ
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Mohammad Izzamil Mohd Nasir, Asyirah Abdul Rahim, Mohd Azmeer Abu Bakar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.