Faktor risiko dinamik residivisme dalam kalangan Orang DiParol (ODP): Perspektif kakitangan Parol

Dynamic risk factors amongst Parolees: Perspective of Parole staffs

Authors

  • Norruzeyati Che Mohd Nasir School of Applied Psychology, Social Work and Policy College of Arts and Sciences Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia
  • Noor Azizah Ahmad School of Applied Psychology, Social Work and Policy College of Arts and Sciences Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia
  • Ahmad Shukri Abdul Hamid School of Applied Psychology, Social Work and Policy College of Arts and Sciences Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia
  • Mariny Abdul Ghani School of Applied Psychology, Social Work and Policy College of Arts and Sciences Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia
  • Mohd Alif Jasni School of Applied Psychology, Social Work and Policy College of Arts and Sciences Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37134/ejoss.vol6.1.3.2020

Keywords:

Faktor risiko dinamik, residivisme, bekas banduan, Orang DiParol (ODP)

Abstract

Setiap banduan yang dikenakan hukuman pemenjaraan di atas kesalahan jenayah yang dilakukan akan kembali kepada masyarakat kecuali bagi pesalah hukuman mati. Proses integrasi semula ke dalam masyarakat umum bukanlah suatu proses yang mudah. Terdapat pelbagai cabaran yang perlu dihadapi oleh bekas banduan. Sekiranya mereka gagal dalam proses tersebut, kemungkinan bekas banduan akan terlibat semula dalam tingkah laku jenayah atau residivisme. Perkara ini menimbulkan kebimbangan terutamanya kepada agensi yang terlibat secara langsung dalam rehabilitasi banduan dan Orang DiParol (ODP). Pelaksanaan sistem parol di Malaysia pada tahun 2008 adalah antara usaha pihak kerajaan khususnya Jabatan Penjara dalam membantu ODP berjaya dalam proses integrasi semula. Kakitangan parol merupakan individu yang paling hampir dengan ODP dan bekas banduan selain keluarga. Oleh itu, kajian ini dilakukan untuk meneroka pandangan kakitangan parol tentang faktor risiko dinamik residivisme yang dihadapi oleh klien mereka. Kajian kualitatif ini melibatkan temu bual secara mendalam dengan 13 kakitangan parol Jabatan Penjara Malaysia. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa terdapat empat faktor risiko dinamik residivisme yang perlu diberi perhatian iaitu kegagalan mendapatkan pekerjaan, stigma dan sikap masyarakat yang ragu-ragu serta tertutup terhadap bekas banduan, faktor diri sendiri dan kesediaan untuk berubah, serta penolakan keluarga. Hasil kajian ini adalah signifikan terutamanya kepada agensi kerajaan yang terlibat secara langsung dalam sistem keadilan jenayah, ahli akademik, pengamal bantuan seperti pekerja sosial, kaunselor dan pegawai psikologi penjara serta Badan Bukan Kerajaan.

Abstract

Each prisoner who is sentenced to imprisonment for a crime committed will go back to the society except those prisoners who are sentenced for death penalty. The process of reintegration into the society is not an easy process. There are various challenges that need to be faced by the former prisoners. . If they were unable to cope with those challenges, the former prisoners might return to prison. This is of particular concern to agencies that are directly involved in the rehabilitation of prisoners and paroles (Orang DiParol; ODP). The implementation of the parole system in Malaysia in 2008 is part of the efforts by the government, especially the Prison Department, in helping the ODP to succeed in the reintegration process. Parole staffs are the closest people to the ODP and former prisoners besides their family. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the parole staffs’ views on the dynamic risk factors of residivism faced by their clients. This qualitative study involved in-depth interviews with 13 Malaysian Prison Department personnel. This study has found there are four dynamic risk factors of recidivism that need to be addressed: unemployment, stigma and skepticism toward former prisoners, personal factors, and willingness to change as well as family rejection. The results of this study are significant to government agencies who are involved directly in the criminal justice system, academicians, practitioners such as social workers, counselors, prison psychologists and non-governmental agencies.

Keyword: Dynamic risk factors, residivisme, ex-prisoners, parolees

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Andrews, D.A., & Dowden, C. (2006). Risk principle in case classification in correctional treatment: A meta-analytic investigation. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 50 (1), 88-100.

Belenko, S. (2006). Assessing released inmates for substance-abuse-related service needs. Crime & Delinquency, 52(1), 94-113.

Bonta, J., & Wormith, S. (2008). Risk and need assessment. Dalam G. McIvor, & P. Raynor (Eds.), Developments in social work with offenders, (pp. 131–152). London: Jessica Kingsley.

Bradley, K. H., Michael Oliver R. B., Richardson, N. C. & Slayter, E. M. (2001). No place like home: Housing and the ex-prisoner. Community Resources for Justice. [Online] Available

www.crjustice.org/hmbrief.htm

Braun, V., Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3: 77–101.

Burt, M. R., Pollack, D., Sosland, K. S., Drapa, E., Greenwalt, K., & Sharkey, P. T. (2002). Evaluation of continuums of care for homeless people. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.

Byrne, C. F., & Trew, K. J. (2008). Pathways through crime: The development of crime and desistance in the accounts of men and women offenders. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 47: 238-258. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2311.2008.00520.x.

Cohen, D. & Crabtree, B. (2006). Qualitative research guidelines project. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. http://www.qualres.org/index.html

Crow, I. (2006) Resettling prisoners: A review. Sheffield: University of Sheffield.

Dworkin, S.L. (2012). Sample size policy for qualitative studies using in-depth interviews. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41: 1319–1320.

Esperian, J. (2010). Effect of prison education programs on recidivism. Journal of Correctional Education, 61(4), 316-334.

Evans, J. (2006). AHS incarcerated women’s initiative: Bending the curve: The state of our children. Paper presented at the Southeast Correctional Facility, Windsor, VT, by the Vermont Children’s Aid Society.

Grossi, L.M. (2017). Sexual offenders, violent offenders, and community reentry: Challenges and treatment considerations. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34: 59-67.

Holzer, H.J. (1996). What employers want: Job prospects for less-educated workers. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. http://www.data.gov.my/data/ms_MY/dataset/statistik-kemasukan-banduan-sabitan-mengikut-klasifikasi-pesalah/resource/e84d7d07-2db3-4af6-aad8-5ed6b2ced828

Jabatan Penjara Malaysia (2017). Jumlah banduan pengulanglaku jenayah, 2000-2016. Diakses pada 25 Mei 2017 dari Unit Sistem maklumat: http://www.prison.gov.my/portal/page/portal/biru/kepenjaraan

Joseph Rowntree Foundation. (1996). The housing needs of ex-prisoners. New York, NY: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Laub, J., & Sampson, R. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquent boys to age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Maruna, S. (2001). Making good: How ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Books.

Maruna, S., & Toch, H. (2005). The impact of imprisonment on the desistance process. Dalam J. Travis & C. Visher (Eds.), Prisoner reentry and crime in America (pp. 139-178). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Moore, K.E., Milam, K.C., Folk, J.B., & Tangney, J.P. (2018). Self-stigma among criminal offenders: Risk and protective factors. Stigma and Health, 3(3): 241-252

Moore, K.E., Stuewig, J.B., & Tangney, J.P. (2016). The effect of stigma on criminal offenders' functioning: A longitudinal mediational model. Deviant Behavior, 37(2): 196-218.

Niven, S., & Olagundoye, J. (2002). Jobs and homes: a survey of prisoners nearing release. London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate.

Pager, D., & Quillian, L. (2005). Walking the talk? What employers say versus what they do? American Sociological Review, 70 (3). pp. 355 – 380.

Petersilia, J. (2001). Prisoner reentry: Public safety and reintegration challenges. The Prison Journal, 81(3): 360-375.

Petersilia, J. (2003). When prisoners come home: Parole and prisoner reentry. New York: Oxford University Press.

Rodriguez, N., & Brown, B. (2003). Preventing homelessness among people leaving prison. Vera Institute of Justice. [Online]. Available: http://www.vera.org/publication_pdf/209_407.pdf

Seiter, R., & Kadela, K. (2003). Prisoner reentry: What works, what does not, and what is promising. Crime & Delinquency, 49(3), 360-388.

Shapiro, C., & Schwartz, M. (2001). Coming home: Building on family connections. Corrections Management Quarterly, 5(3), 52–61.

Stebbins, R.A. (2001). Qualitative research methods: Exploratory research in the social sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Travis, J. (2005). But they all come back: Facing the challenges of prisoner reentry. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press.

Uggen, C., Wakefield, S., & Western, B. (2005). Work and family perspectives on reentry. Dalam J. Travis, & C. Visher (Eds.), Prisoner reentry and crime in America (pp. 209-243). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Vincent, G., Guy, L., & Grisso, T. (2012) Risk assessment in juvenile justice: A guidebook for implementation, National Youth Screening and Assessment Project for Models for Change.

Visher, C., & Travis, J. (2003). Transition from prison to community: Understanding individual pathways. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 89-113.

Wodahl, E. J. (2006). The challenges of prisoner reentry from a rural perspective. Western Criminology Review, 7(2), 32-47.

Downloads

Published

2020-05-25

How to Cite

Che Mohd Nasir, N., Ahmad, N. A., Abdul Hamid, A. S., Abdul Ghani, M., & Jasni, M. A. (2020). Faktor risiko dinamik residivisme dalam kalangan Orang DiParol (ODP): Perspektif kakitangan Parol: Dynamic risk factors amongst Parolees: Perspective of Parole staffs. EDUCATUM Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), 22–32. https://doi.org/10.37134/ejoss.vol6.1.3.2020