Exploratory analysis of pilot data: Trends of gadget use and psychosocial adjustment in pre-schoolers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/saecj.vol7.2.2018Keywords:
trends, media use, gadget, psychosocial adjustmentAbstract
Current mobile media presence in the lives of young children are at an all-time high prompting the need for studies to examine this phenomenon. The current study aims to describe the trends of gadget use and to explore the relationship between gadget use duration and psychosocial adjustment variables among Malaysian pre-schoolers. The respondents of the current study were 27 parents of pre-schoolers and a majority of the sample were Malays (96.3%). Mean age of parents in this study for mothers (M=35.58, SD=4.45) and fathers (M=36.42, SD=4.58). This study employed the gadget use survey and the Malay version of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). It was found that the most commonly available and used device was smartphones and that children mainly used mobile devices for leisure purposes such as watching videos and playing games. An alarming number of children, more than 40%, did not adhere to AAP recommendation of less than 2 hours of media usage daily. A key finding was that the functional relationship between psychosocial adjustment variables and duration of use is curvilinear in nature. However, with a small sample size, caution must be applied, as the findings might not be transferrable to the population.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
AAP. (1999). Media education. Pediatrics, 104 (2), 341–343.
AAP. (2011). Media use by children younger than 2 years. Pediatrics, 128 (5), 1040–1045.
doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-1753
AAP. (2016). Media and young minds. Pediatrics.
doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-2591
Apple. (September 29, 2017). Apple-education-ipad-apps, books and more. Retrieved from
https:// www.apple.com/education/apps-books-and-more/
Australian Department of Health. (15 June, 2017). National physical activity recommendations for children 0 -5 years. Retrieved from
http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ main/publishing.nsf/content/F01F92328EDADA5BCA257BF0001E720D/$FileMove\%20and\%20play\ %20every\%20day\%200-5yrs.PDF
Blumert, H. M. (2012). Psychometrics of the SDQ in Spanish (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Rutgers University.
Buijzen, M., Bomhof, E., & Schuurman, J. (2008). A test of three alternative hypotheses explaining the link between children’s television viewing and weight status. Journal of Children and Media, 2 (1), 67–74.
Burdette, H. L., & Whitaker, R. C. (2005). A national study of neighborhood safety, outdoor play, television viewing, and obesity in preschool children. Pediatrics, 116 (3), 657–662.
Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. (15 June, 2017). Canadian sedentary behaviour guide- lines. Retrieved from
http://www.csep.ca/CMFiles/Guidelines/CSEP SBGuidelines early-years en.pdf
Conners-Burrow, N. A., McKelvey, L. M., & Fussell, J. J. (2011). Social outcomes associated with media viewing habits of low-income preschool children. Early Education and Development, 22 (2), 256–273.
Dinleyici, M., Carman, K. B., Ozturk, E., & Sahin-Dagli, F. (2016). Media use by children, and parents views on children’s media usage. Interactive journal of medical research, 5 (2).
Fitzpatrick, C., Barnett, T., & Pagani, L. S. (2012). Early exposure to media violence and later child adjustment. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 33 (4), 291–297.
Game Industry Promotion Act. (2015).
Gentile, D. A., Reimer, R. A., Nathanson, A. I., Walsh, D. A., & Eisenmann, J. C. (2014). Protective effects of parental monitoring of childrens media use: a prospective study. JAMA Pediatrics, 168 (5), 479–484.
Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38 (5), 581–586.
Hope, R. M. (2013). Rmisc: Ryan Miscellaneous [Computer software manual]. Retrieved from https://CRAN.Rproject.org/package=Rmisc (R package version 1.50).
Johnson, G. (2012). Learning, development, and home digital media use among 6 to 8 year old children. Problems of Psychology in the 21st Century, 1 , 6–16.
Kabali, H. K., Irigoyen, M. M., Nunez-Davis, R., Budacki, J. G., Mohanty, S. H., Leister, K. P., & Bonner, R. L. (2015). Exposure and use of mobile media devices by young children. Pediatrics, 136, 1044-1050.
doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-2151
Keele, L. J. (2008). Semiparametric regression for the social sciences. John Wiley & Sons.
Lohbeck, A., Schultheiss, J., Petermann, F., & Petermann, U. (2015). The german self-report version of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (sdq-deu-s): Psychometric properties, factor structure, and critical values. DIAGNOSTICA, 61 (4), 222–235.
MCMC. (September 29, 2017). Communications multimedia: Facts figures. Retrieved from
https://www.mcmc.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/1Q17-facts-figures.pdf
Mieloo, C., Raat, H., van Oort, F., Bevaart, F., Vogel, I., Donker, M., & Jansen, W. (2012). Validity and reliability of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire in 5–6 year olds: differences by gender or by parental education? PloS one, 7 (5), e36805.
Pew Research Centre. (November 10, 2015). Apps permissions in the Google Play Store. Retrieved from
https://www.pewinternet.org/2015/11/10/an-analysis-of-apps-in-the-google-play-store/
Protection of Children & Youths Welfare & Rights Act. (2017).
Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6 (1), 65–78.
Radesky, J. S., Schumacher, J., & Zuckerman, B. (2015). Mobile and interactive media use by young children: The good, the bad, and the unknown. Pediatrics, 135 (1), 1–3.
doi: 10.1542/ peds.2014-2251
R Core Team. (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. [Computer software manual]. Vienna, Austria. Retrieved from
https://www.R-project.org/
Wickham, H. (2009). ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
Youth in Mind. (n.d.). Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Retrieved from
http:// www.sdqinfo.com/d0.html
AAP. (2011). Media use by children younger than 2 years. Pediatrics, 128 (5), 1040–1045.
doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-1753
AAP. (2016). Media and young minds. Pediatrics.
doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-2591
Apple. (September 29, 2017). Apple-education-ipad-apps, books and more. Retrieved from
https:// www.apple.com/education/apps-books-and-more/
Australian Department of Health. (15 June, 2017). National physical activity recommendations for children 0 -5 years. Retrieved from
http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ main/publishing.nsf/content/F01F92328EDADA5BCA257BF0001E720D/$FileMove\%20and\%20play\ %20every\%20day\%200-5yrs.PDF
Blumert, H. M. (2012). Psychometrics of the SDQ in Spanish (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Rutgers University.
Buijzen, M., Bomhof, E., & Schuurman, J. (2008). A test of three alternative hypotheses explaining the link between children’s television viewing and weight status. Journal of Children and Media, 2 (1), 67–74.
Burdette, H. L., & Whitaker, R. C. (2005). A national study of neighborhood safety, outdoor play, television viewing, and obesity in preschool children. Pediatrics, 116 (3), 657–662.
Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. (15 June, 2017). Canadian sedentary behaviour guide- lines. Retrieved from
http://www.csep.ca/CMFiles/Guidelines/CSEP SBGuidelines early-years en.pdf
Conners-Burrow, N. A., McKelvey, L. M., & Fussell, J. J. (2011). Social outcomes associated with media viewing habits of low-income preschool children. Early Education and Development, 22 (2), 256–273.
Dinleyici, M., Carman, K. B., Ozturk, E., & Sahin-Dagli, F. (2016). Media use by children, and parents views on children’s media usage. Interactive journal of medical research, 5 (2).
Fitzpatrick, C., Barnett, T., & Pagani, L. S. (2012). Early exposure to media violence and later child adjustment. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 33 (4), 291–297.
Game Industry Promotion Act. (2015).
Gentile, D. A., Reimer, R. A., Nathanson, A. I., Walsh, D. A., & Eisenmann, J. C. (2014). Protective effects of parental monitoring of childrens media use: a prospective study. JAMA Pediatrics, 168 (5), 479–484.
Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38 (5), 581–586.
Hope, R. M. (2013). Rmisc: Ryan Miscellaneous [Computer software manual]. Retrieved from https://CRAN.Rproject.org/package=Rmisc (R package version 1.50).
Johnson, G. (2012). Learning, development, and home digital media use among 6 to 8 year old children. Problems of Psychology in the 21st Century, 1 , 6–16.
Kabali, H. K., Irigoyen, M. M., Nunez-Davis, R., Budacki, J. G., Mohanty, S. H., Leister, K. P., & Bonner, R. L. (2015). Exposure and use of mobile media devices by young children. Pediatrics, 136, 1044-1050.
doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-2151
Keele, L. J. (2008). Semiparametric regression for the social sciences. John Wiley & Sons.
Lohbeck, A., Schultheiss, J., Petermann, F., & Petermann, U. (2015). The german self-report version of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (sdq-deu-s): Psychometric properties, factor structure, and critical values. DIAGNOSTICA, 61 (4), 222–235.
MCMC. (September 29, 2017). Communications multimedia: Facts figures. Retrieved from
https://www.mcmc.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/1Q17-facts-figures.pdf
Mieloo, C., Raat, H., van Oort, F., Bevaart, F., Vogel, I., Donker, M., & Jansen, W. (2012). Validity and reliability of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire in 5–6 year olds: differences by gender or by parental education? PloS one, 7 (5), e36805.
Pew Research Centre. (November 10, 2015). Apps permissions in the Google Play Store. Retrieved from
https://www.pewinternet.org/2015/11/10/an-analysis-of-apps-in-the-google-play-store/
Protection of Children & Youths Welfare & Rights Act. (2017).
Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6 (1), 65–78.
Radesky, J. S., Schumacher, J., & Zuckerman, B. (2015). Mobile and interactive media use by young children: The good, the bad, and the unknown. Pediatrics, 135 (1), 1–3.
doi: 10.1542/ peds.2014-2251
R Core Team. (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. [Computer software manual]. Vienna, Austria. Retrieved from
https://www.R-project.org/
Wickham, H. (2009). ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
Youth in Mind. (n.d.). Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Retrieved from
http:// www.sdqinfo.com/d0.html
Downloads
Published
2018-10-01
How to Cite
Alexander L., K., & Hamzah, H. (2018). Exploratory analysis of pilot data: Trends of gadget use and psychosocial adjustment in pre-schoolers. Southeast Asia Early Childhood Journal, 7, 14–23. https://doi.org/10.37134/saecj.vol7.2.2018
Issue
Section
Articles
