Leadership Competencies and Commitment to Change: The Mediating Effect of Developmental Leadership Behavior
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/mrj.vol6.9.2017Keywords:
leadership competencies, developmental leadership behavior, commitment to change, teacher leadersAbstract
Leading change from the classroom is closely linked with the development of teacher leaders. It is considered to be the significant outcome of teachers’ commitment to change their ordinary role as classroom instructional leaders to school-based teacher leaders. In this regard, it is a privilege for teacher leaders to walk with principals who portray developmental leadership behavior competently. Thus, the objective of this study is to test a theory-based model predicting teachers’ leadership competencies and its relationship with principals’ developmental leadership behavior and teachers’ commitment to change. Data was collected from 928 respondents who served in 58 high performing secondary schools in Malaysia. Structural Equation Modeling was utilized to test the model developed. The results indicate that the teachers’ leadership competencies have significant relationship with principals’ developmental leadership behavior and teachers’ commitment to change. In addition, principals’ developmental leadership behavior was found to mediate the relationship between teachers’ leadership competencies and teachers’ commitment to change.
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References
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Avolio, B., Waldman, D. & Einstein, W. (1988). Transformational leadership in a management game simulation: Impacting the Bottom Line. Group & Organization Management, 13(1), 59-80.
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Bass, B.M. (1990). Bass and Stogdill’s handbook of leadership: A survey of theory and research. New York: Free Press.
Bass, B.M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
Bass, B.M. (1997). Does the transactional-transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries? American Psychologist, 52(2), 130-139.
Bass, B. M. & Avolio, B. J. (2003). The multifactor leadershipquestionnaire report. Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden.
Battistich, V., Schaps, E., Watson, M. & Solomon, D. (1996). Prevention effects of the child development project: Early findings from an ongoing multisite demonstration trial. Journal of Adolescent Research, 11(1), 12-35.
Bishop, R., Berryman, M. & O’Sullivan, D. (2010). Scaling up Education Reform: Addressing the Politics of Disparity. Wellington: NZCER.
Boak, G. & Coolican, D. (2001). Competencies for retail leadership: Accurate, Acceptable, Affordable. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 22(5), 212-220.
Bommer, H.W., Rubin, R.S. & Baldwin, T. T. (2004). Setting the stage for effective leadership: Antecedents of transformational leadership behavior. The Leadership Quarterly, 15, 195-210.
Boxall, P. & Purcell, J. (2008). Strategy and human resource management(2nd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan
Burns, J.M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row 26-33.
Cairns, M. (2000). Leadership Competency Theory. New Straits Times-Management Times.
CamegieForum on Education and the Economy. (1986). A nation prepared: Teachers for the twenty-first century. The report of the CarmegieForum on Education and The Economy’s Task Force on Teaching as a Profession. Washington, DC: The Forum.
Charan, R., Drotter, S. & Noel, J. (2000). The Leadership Pipeline: How to Build the Leadership Powered Company. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Chesterton, P. & Duignan, P. (2004). Evaluation of the national trial of the IDEAS Project.Report to DEST March.
Childs-Bowen, D., Moller, G. & Scrivner, J. (2000). Principals: Leaders of leaders. NASSP Bulletin(616), 84, 27–34.
Chua, F.K. (2009). A new object captures attention –but only when you know it’s new. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 71,699-711.
Collins, J. (2001). Good to great. New York: HarperCollins.
Conger, J. (1999). Building Leaders: How Successful Companies Develop the Next Generation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Crowther, F., Hann, L. & Andrews, D. (2002b). Rethinking the Role of the School Principal: Successful School Improvement in the Postindustrial Era.Australia: The Practicing Administrator.
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Daft, R.L. (2005). The Leadership Experience (3rded). Canada: South-Western.
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Darling-Hammond, L. (1999). Educating teachers: The academy’s greatest failure or its most important future?Academe, 85(1),
Day, C. & Harris, A. (2002). Teacher leadership, reflective practice and school improvement. In K. Leithwood & P.Hallinger (Eds.), Second international handbook of educational leadership and administration(pp. 957-978). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Day, C., Harris, A. &Hadfield, M. (2001). Challenging the orthodoxy of effective school leadership. Leadership in Education, 4,39-56.
DuBrin, A. J. (2007). Leadership research: Findings, practice, and skills (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Elmore, R.E. (2000). Building a New Structure for School Leadership. Winter: The Albert Shanker Institute.
Evans, M.G. (1970). The effects of supervisory behavior on the path-goal relationship. Organizational Behavior and Human Perormance, 55, 277-298.
Felf, J. & Schyns, B. (2004). Is similarity in leadership related to organizational outcomes? The case of transformational leadership. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 10(4), 92-102.
Ford, M. E. (1992). Human Motivation: Goals, Emotions, and Personal Agency Beliefs. Newbury Park, CA: SagePublications.
Fullan, M.G. (1994). Teacher leadership: A failure to conceptualize. In D.R. Walling (Ed.), Teachers as leaders, pp. 241-253, Bloomington, IN:Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.
Gronn, P. (2002). Leader formation. In K. Leithwood, P. Hallinger, K. Seashore-Louis, G. Furman-brown, P. Gronn, B. Mulford, & K. Riley. (Eds). Second international handbook of educational leadership and administration, (pp. 1031-1070). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L. & Black, W.C. (2006). Multivariate data analysis(5thed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Hallinger, P. & Heck, R.H. (1996). Reassessing the principal’s role in school effectiveness: A review of empirical research,1980-1995. Educational Administration Quarterly, 32(1), 5-44.
Harris, A. (2002). Distributed Leadership in Schools: Leading or Misleading. Keynote paper presented at the BELMAS annual conference, Aston University Lakeside Conference Centre, Birmingham, England.
Hersey, P. & Blanchard, K. (1969). Training & Development. Alexandria, 50(1), 1-42.
Hill, K. G. & Amabile, T. M. (1993). A social psychological perspective on creativity: Intrinsic motivation and creativity in the classroom and workplace. In S. G. Isaksen, M. C. Murdock, R. L. Firestien, & D. J. Treffinger (Eds.), Understanding and recognizing creativity: The emergence of a discipline(pp. 400-432). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Holmes Group. (1986). Tomorrow's teachers: A report of the Holmes Group.East Lansing, MI: Author.
House, R.J. (1971). A path-goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quaterly, 16, 321-338.
Howey, K.R. (1988). Why teacher leadership? Journal of Teacher Education, 39(1), 28-31.
Huberman, A. M. (1973). Understanding change in education: An introduction. Experiments and innovations in education no. 4. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED082330)
Jordon, A.H. & Lovett, B.J. (2007). Stereotype threat and test performance: A primer for school psychologists. Journal of School Psychology, 45, 45-59.
Katz, S., Earl. L. & Jaafar, S.B. (2009). Building and connecting learning communities: The power of networks for school improvement. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Katzenmeyer, M. & Moller, G. (1996). Awakening the sleeping giant: Leadership development for teachers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2014). Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.
Kinicki, A. & Kreitner, R. (2008). Organizational behavior: key concepts, skills & best practices (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and practice of Structural Equation Modeling(2nded.). New York, NY: Guilford.
Lashway, L. (2003). Distributed Leadership(Research Roundup 19, 4). Oregon: ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management.
Leithwood, K. & Jantzi, D. (2000). The Transformational School Leadership Survey. Toronto: OISE/University of Toronto
Lim, B. & Ployhart, R.E. (2004). Transformational leadership: Relations tothe five-factor model and team performance in typical and maximum contexts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 610-621.
Livingston, C. (1992). Introduction: Teacher leadership forrestructured schools. In C. Livingston (Ed.), Teachers as leaders: Evolving roles.NEA School Restructuring Series. Washington, DC: National Education Association.
MacBeath, J. (1998). Effective School Leadership: Responding to Change. London: Paul Chapman.
Marcus, S.H. & Pringle, A. (1995). What competencies are needed in a changing environment? The Human Resources Professional, 8(3), 19-24.
McCall, M. W. (1998). High Flyers: Developing the Next Generation of Leaders. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Muhammad Kashif, Siti Zakiah Melatu Samsi, Zainudin Awang, & Mahadzirah Mohamad. (2016). EXQ: measurement of healthcare experience quality in Malaysian settings –a contextualist perspective. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 10,Iss 1 pp. -
Murphy, S. E. & Ensher, E.A. (2008). A qualitative analysis of charismatic leadership in creative terms: The case of television directors. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 335-352.
Noblit, G., Malloy, C. & Malloy, W. (2001). The kids got smarter: Case studies of successful Comer schools. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Noorshahi, N. & Yamani Dozi Sarkhabi, M. (2008). A study of relationshipbetween consequences of leadershipstyle of the president of Iranian universities and institutions of higher education. Available at
http://www.academicleadership.org/article/A_study_of_relationship_between_ consequences_of_leadership_and_transformational_leadership_style_of_the_p residents_of_Iranian_universities_and_institutions_of_higher_education
Peterson, K. (1994). Building collaborative cultures: seeking ways to reshape urban schools. Monograph of the North Central Regional Educational Laboratory.
Prinsloo, J. J., Moropodi, M.J., Slabbert, J.A. & Parker, A.J. (1999). A perspective on the world-classcompany. Johannesburg: StratExcell (Pty) Ltd.
Robbins, S.P. & Coulter, M.K, (2009). Management (10th ed.), USA: Prentice Hall.
Sarros, C. J. & Santora, C. J. (2001). The transformation transactional leadership model in practice. Leadership and Organisation Development Journal, 22(8), 383393
Silins, H. & Mulford, B. (2002). Leadership and school results, In K. Leithwood & P. Hallinger (Eds). International handbook of educational leadership and administration (pp 561-612).Norwell MA:
Kluwer.Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M. & Quinn, D. M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4–28.
Spillane, J.P. (2006). Distributed leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Spillane, J.P., Halverson, R. & Diamond, J.B. (2004). Towards a theory of leadership practice: A distributed perspective. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 36(1), 3–34.
Spillane, J.P.,Halverson, R. & Diamond, J.B. (2001). Investigating School Leadership Practice: A Distributed Perspective. Educational Researcher, April, 23-28.
Spillane, J. P., Halverson, R. & Diamond, J.B. (2001). Towards a theory of leadership practice: A distributedperspective. Institute for Policy Research Working Article. Chicago: Northwestern University.
Steele, C. M. & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African-Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797–811.
Teacher Leadership Exploratory Consortium. (2011). Teacher Leader Model Standards.
Tichy, N.M. & Cardwell, N. (2002). The Cycle of Leadership: How Great Leaders Teach Their Companies to Win. New York: Collins Business. Tickle, E. L., Brownlee, J. & Nailon, D. (2005). Personal epistemological beliefs and transformational leadership behaviours. Journal of Management Development, 24(8), 706-719.
Tubbs, S.L. &Schulz, E. (2006). Exploring a taxonomy of global leadership competencies and meta-competencies. The Journal of American Academy of Business, 8(2), 35-47.
Tubbs, S.L. & Schulz, E. (2006). Exploring a Taxonomy of Global Leadership Competencies and Meta-competencies. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 8(2), 29-34.
Woodruff, D. W., Shannon, N. R. & Efimba, M. O. (1998). Collaborating for success: Merritt elementary extended school. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 3, 11–22.
Yamazaki, Y. & Kayes, D.C. (2004). An experimental approach to cross-cultural learning: A review and integration of competencies for successful expatriate adaptation. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3(4), 362-379.
Yamazaki, Y. & Kayes, D.C. (2004). An experimental approach to cross-cultural learning: A review and integration of competencies for successful expatriate adaptation. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3(4), 362-379.
Zaccaro, S. J. & Klimoski, R. J. (2001). The nature of organizationleadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Zainudin Awang (2015). SEM Made Simple: A Gentle Approach to Learning Structural Equation Modeling.Bandar Baru Bangi, MPWS Rich Publication.
Avolio, B., Waldman, D. & Einstein, W. (1988). Transformational leadership in a management game simulation: Impacting the Bottom Line. Group & Organization Management, 13(1), 59-80.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. New York: General Learning Press.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of personality. In L. Pervin & O. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality(2nded.). New York: Guilford Publications.
Barth, R. (2001). Learning by heart. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bass, B.M. (1990). Bass and Stogdill’s handbook of leadership: A survey of theory and research. New York: Free Press.
Bass, B.M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
Bass, B.M. (1997). Does the transactional-transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries? American Psychologist, 52(2), 130-139.
Bass, B. M. & Avolio, B. J. (2003). The multifactor leadershipquestionnaire report. Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden.
Battistich, V., Schaps, E., Watson, M. & Solomon, D. (1996). Prevention effects of the child development project: Early findings from an ongoing multisite demonstration trial. Journal of Adolescent Research, 11(1), 12-35.
Bishop, R., Berryman, M. & O’Sullivan, D. (2010). Scaling up Education Reform: Addressing the Politics of Disparity. Wellington: NZCER.
Boak, G. & Coolican, D. (2001). Competencies for retail leadership: Accurate, Acceptable, Affordable. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 22(5), 212-220.
Bommer, H.W., Rubin, R.S. & Baldwin, T. T. (2004). Setting the stage for effective leadership: Antecedents of transformational leadership behavior. The Leadership Quarterly, 15, 195-210.
Boxall, P. & Purcell, J. (2008). Strategy and human resource management(2nd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan
Burns, J.M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row 26-33.
Cairns, M. (2000). Leadership Competency Theory. New Straits Times-Management Times.
CamegieForum on Education and the Economy. (1986). A nation prepared: Teachers for the twenty-first century. The report of the CarmegieForum on Education and The Economy’s Task Force on Teaching as a Profession. Washington, DC: The Forum.
Charan, R., Drotter, S. & Noel, J. (2000). The Leadership Pipeline: How to Build the Leadership Powered Company. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Chesterton, P. & Duignan, P. (2004). Evaluation of the national trial of the IDEAS Project.Report to DEST March.
Childs-Bowen, D., Moller, G. & Scrivner, J. (2000). Principals: Leaders of leaders. NASSP Bulletin(616), 84, 27–34.
Chua, F.K. (2009). A new object captures attention –but only when you know it’s new. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 71,699-711.
Collins, J. (2001). Good to great. New York: HarperCollins.
Conger, J. (1999). Building Leaders: How Successful Companies Develop the Next Generation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Crowther, F., Hann, L. & Andrews, D. (2002b). Rethinking the Role of the School Principal: Successful School Improvement in the Postindustrial Era.Australia: The Practicing Administrator.
Crowther, F., Kaagan, S.S., Ferguson, M. & Hann, L. (2002a). Developing Teacher Leaders: How Teacher Leadership Enhances School Success.California: Sage Publications.
Daft, R.L. (2005). The Leadership Experience (3rded). Canada: South-Western.
Danielson, C. (2006). Teacher leadership that strengthens professional practice. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Darling-Hammond, L. (1999). Educating teachers: The academy’s greatest failure or its most important future?Academe, 85(1),
Day, C. & Harris, A. (2002). Teacher leadership, reflective practice and school improvement. In K. Leithwood & P.Hallinger (Eds.), Second international handbook of educational leadership and administration(pp. 957-978). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Day, C., Harris, A. &Hadfield, M. (2001). Challenging the orthodoxy of effective school leadership. Leadership in Education, 4,39-56.
DuBrin, A. J. (2007). Leadership research: Findings, practice, and skills (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Elmore, R.E. (2000). Building a New Structure for School Leadership. Winter: The Albert Shanker Institute.
Evans, M.G. (1970). The effects of supervisory behavior on the path-goal relationship. Organizational Behavior and Human Perormance, 55, 277-298.
Felf, J. & Schyns, B. (2004). Is similarity in leadership related to organizational outcomes? The case of transformational leadership. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 10(4), 92-102.
Ford, M. E. (1992). Human Motivation: Goals, Emotions, and Personal Agency Beliefs. Newbury Park, CA: SagePublications.
Fullan, M.G. (1994). Teacher leadership: A failure to conceptualize. In D.R. Walling (Ed.), Teachers as leaders, pp. 241-253, Bloomington, IN:Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.
Gronn, P. (2002). Leader formation. In K. Leithwood, P. Hallinger, K. Seashore-Louis, G. Furman-brown, P. Gronn, B. Mulford, & K. Riley. (Eds). Second international handbook of educational leadership and administration, (pp. 1031-1070). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L. & Black, W.C. (2006). Multivariate data analysis(5thed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Hallinger, P. & Heck, R.H. (1996). Reassessing the principal’s role in school effectiveness: A review of empirical research,1980-1995. Educational Administration Quarterly, 32(1), 5-44.
Harris, A. (2002). Distributed Leadership in Schools: Leading or Misleading. Keynote paper presented at the BELMAS annual conference, Aston University Lakeside Conference Centre, Birmingham, England.
Hersey, P. & Blanchard, K. (1969). Training & Development. Alexandria, 50(1), 1-42.
Hill, K. G. & Amabile, T. M. (1993). A social psychological perspective on creativity: Intrinsic motivation and creativity in the classroom and workplace. In S. G. Isaksen, M. C. Murdock, R. L. Firestien, & D. J. Treffinger (Eds.), Understanding and recognizing creativity: The emergence of a discipline(pp. 400-432). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Holmes Group. (1986). Tomorrow's teachers: A report of the Holmes Group.East Lansing, MI: Author.
House, R.J. (1971). A path-goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quaterly, 16, 321-338.
Howey, K.R. (1988). Why teacher leadership? Journal of Teacher Education, 39(1), 28-31.
Huberman, A. M. (1973). Understanding change in education: An introduction. Experiments and innovations in education no. 4. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED082330)
Jordon, A.H. & Lovett, B.J. (2007). Stereotype threat and test performance: A primer for school psychologists. Journal of School Psychology, 45, 45-59.
Katz, S., Earl. L. & Jaafar, S.B. (2009). Building and connecting learning communities: The power of networks for school improvement. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Katzenmeyer, M. & Moller, G. (1996). Awakening the sleeping giant: Leadership development for teachers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2014). Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.
Kinicki, A. & Kreitner, R. (2008). Organizational behavior: key concepts, skills & best practices (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and practice of Structural Equation Modeling(2nded.). New York, NY: Guilford.
Lashway, L. (2003). Distributed Leadership(Research Roundup 19, 4). Oregon: ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management.
Leithwood, K. & Jantzi, D. (2000). The Transformational School Leadership Survey. Toronto: OISE/University of Toronto
Lim, B. & Ployhart, R.E. (2004). Transformational leadership: Relations tothe five-factor model and team performance in typical and maximum contexts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 610-621.
Livingston, C. (1992). Introduction: Teacher leadership forrestructured schools. In C. Livingston (Ed.), Teachers as leaders: Evolving roles.NEA School Restructuring Series. Washington, DC: National Education Association.
MacBeath, J. (1998). Effective School Leadership: Responding to Change. London: Paul Chapman.
Marcus, S.H. & Pringle, A. (1995). What competencies are needed in a changing environment? The Human Resources Professional, 8(3), 19-24.
McCall, M. W. (1998). High Flyers: Developing the Next Generation of Leaders. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Muhammad Kashif, Siti Zakiah Melatu Samsi, Zainudin Awang, & Mahadzirah Mohamad. (2016). EXQ: measurement of healthcare experience quality in Malaysian settings –a contextualist perspective. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 10,Iss 1 pp. -
Murphy, S. E. & Ensher, E.A. (2008). A qualitative analysis of charismatic leadership in creative terms: The case of television directors. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 335-352.
Noblit, G., Malloy, C. & Malloy, W. (2001). The kids got smarter: Case studies of successful Comer schools. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Noorshahi, N. & Yamani Dozi Sarkhabi, M. (2008). A study of relationshipbetween consequences of leadershipstyle of the president of Iranian universities and institutions of higher education. Available at
http://www.academicleadership.org/article/A_study_of_relationship_between_ consequences_of_leadership_and_transformational_leadership_style_of_the_p residents_of_Iranian_universities_and_institutions_of_higher_education
Peterson, K. (1994). Building collaborative cultures: seeking ways to reshape urban schools. Monograph of the North Central Regional Educational Laboratory.
Prinsloo, J. J., Moropodi, M.J., Slabbert, J.A. & Parker, A.J. (1999). A perspective on the world-classcompany. Johannesburg: StratExcell (Pty) Ltd.
Robbins, S.P. & Coulter, M.K, (2009). Management (10th ed.), USA: Prentice Hall.
Sarros, C. J. & Santora, C. J. (2001). The transformation transactional leadership model in practice. Leadership and Organisation Development Journal, 22(8), 383393
Silins, H. & Mulford, B. (2002). Leadership and school results, In K. Leithwood & P. Hallinger (Eds). International handbook of educational leadership and administration (pp 561-612).Norwell MA:
Kluwer.Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M. & Quinn, D. M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4–28.
Spillane, J.P. (2006). Distributed leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Spillane, J.P., Halverson, R. & Diamond, J.B. (2004). Towards a theory of leadership practice: A distributed perspective. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 36(1), 3–34.
Spillane, J.P.,Halverson, R. & Diamond, J.B. (2001). Investigating School Leadership Practice: A Distributed Perspective. Educational Researcher, April, 23-28.
Spillane, J. P., Halverson, R. & Diamond, J.B. (2001). Towards a theory of leadership practice: A distributedperspective. Institute for Policy Research Working Article. Chicago: Northwestern University.
Steele, C. M. & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African-Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797–811.
Teacher Leadership Exploratory Consortium. (2011). Teacher Leader Model Standards.
Tichy, N.M. & Cardwell, N. (2002). The Cycle of Leadership: How Great Leaders Teach Their Companies to Win. New York: Collins Business. Tickle, E. L., Brownlee, J. & Nailon, D. (2005). Personal epistemological beliefs and transformational leadership behaviours. Journal of Management Development, 24(8), 706-719.
Tubbs, S.L. &Schulz, E. (2006). Exploring a taxonomy of global leadership competencies and meta-competencies. The Journal of American Academy of Business, 8(2), 35-47.
Tubbs, S.L. & Schulz, E. (2006). Exploring a Taxonomy of Global Leadership Competencies and Meta-competencies. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 8(2), 29-34.
Woodruff, D. W., Shannon, N. R. & Efimba, M. O. (1998). Collaborating for success: Merritt elementary extended school. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 3, 11–22.
Yamazaki, Y. & Kayes, D.C. (2004). An experimental approach to cross-cultural learning: A review and integration of competencies for successful expatriate adaptation. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3(4), 362-379.
Yamazaki, Y. & Kayes, D.C. (2004). An experimental approach to cross-cultural learning: A review and integration of competencies for successful expatriate adaptation. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3(4), 362-379.
Zaccaro, S. J. & Klimoski, R. J. (2001). The nature of organizationleadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Zainudin Awang (2015). SEM Made Simple: A Gentle Approach to Learning Structural Equation Modeling.Bandar Baru Bangi, MPWS Rich Publication.
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Published
2017-10-22
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Chee Yuet, F. K. (2017). Leadership Competencies and Commitment to Change: The Mediating Effect of Developmental Leadership Behavior. Management Research Journal, 6, 99–111. https://doi.org/10.37134/mrj.vol6.9.2017
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