Imagery and modeling - impact on rugby skill performance: Single case multiple baseline assessment across participant
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/jsspj.vol6.2.2.2017Keywords:
Imagery and Modelling, Rugby Sport, Intervention, Open LoopAbstract
Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education 6(2): 10-27, 2017 – The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of audio imagery and video modeling on performance in rugby sports. The single case multiple baseline across participant (ABA) method are used to evaluate the participants’ performance. It assesses the impact of physical training, audio imagery and video modeling on the passing and tackling performance (open loop) for 13 tournaments. Four participants under 14 years old, representing schools in various rugby competitions were selected as participants. The frequency of intervention is three sessions per week. The Sport Imagery Ability Measure (SIAM) questionnaire which has been translated into Bahasa Malaysia is used as a screen to see participants imagery abilities. Research is conducted by creating interventions on audio and video imagery of expert models conducted with physical training based on the Imagery Training Program (ITP). Real-time recording methods and notational videos are used to assess participants' performance. The contest video rating was evaluated by two experts and analyzed separately. The findings showed that there was stable performance for all participants in phase baseline (A). There was increase in performance for all participants in the intervention phase (B). Only one participant with 5 weeks intervention was able to maintain performance in withdraw phase (A1) compared to other participants.
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References
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Palao, J. M., Hastie, P. A., Cruz, P. G., & Ortega, E. (2013). The Impact of Video Technology on Student Performance in Physical Education. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 24, 51-63
Pavely, S., Adam, D. R., Francesco, T. D., Larkham, S. Maher, C. (2009). Execution and differences between passes to the left and right made by first grade rugby union players. Physical Therapy in Sport. 10, 136-141.
Post, P., Muncie, S., & Simpson, D. (2012). The effect of imagery training on swimming performance: An applied investigation. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24, 323-337.
Post, P., Wrisberg, C. A., & Mullins, S. (2010). A field test of the influence of pre-game imagery on basketball free throw shooting. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport & Physical Activity, 5(1), 1932-0191.
Ram, N., Riggs, S. M., Skaling, S., Landers, D. M., & McCullagh, P. (2007). A comparison of modeling and imagery in the acquisition and retention of motor skills. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25, 587-597.
Ramsey, R., Cumming, J., & Edwards, M. G. (2008). Exploring a modified conceptualization of imagery direction and golf putting performance. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 207–223.
Reiser, M., Büsch, D., & Munzert, J. (2011). Strength gains by motor imagery with different ratios of physical to mental practice. Front. Psychology 2:194.
Reo, J. A., & Mercer, V. S. (2004). Effects of Live, Videotaped, or Written Instruction on Learning an Upper-Extremity Exercise Program. Physical Therapy, 84, 622-633.
Roberts, R., Callow, N., Hardy, L., Markland, D., & Bringer, J. (2008). Movement imagery ability: Development and assessment of a revised version of the vividness of movement imagery questionnaire. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 30, 200 221.
Robin, N., Dominique, L., Toussaint, L., Blandin, Y., Guillot, A., & Le Her. M., (2007). Effects of motor imagery training on service return accuracy in tennis: the role of imagery ability. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5(2), 175-188.
Short, S. E., Ross-Stewart, L., & Monsma, E. V. (2006). "Onwards with the evolution of imagery research in sport psychology", Athletic Insight, vol. 8, no. 3.
Short, S., Bruggeman, J., Engel, S., Marback, T., Wang, L., Willadsen, A., & Short, M. (2002). The effect of imagery function and imagery direction on self-efficacy and performance on a golf-putting task. The Sport Psychologist, 16, 48-67.
Smith, D., Wright, C., Allsopp, A., & Westhead, H. (2007). It's all in the mind: PETTLEP-based imagery and sports performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 80-92.
SooHoo, S., Takemoto, K. Y., & McCullagh, P. (2006). A comparison of modeling and imagery on the performance of a motor skill. Journal of Sport Behavior, 27, 349–366.
Thelwell, R., Greenless, I., & Weston, N. (2007). Using psychological skills training to develop soccer performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,18, 254.
Trout, J. (2013). Digital Movement Analysis in Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 84, 47-50.
Vealey, R.S. & Greenleaf, C. (2006). Seeing is believing: Understanding and using imagery in sport. In J. M. Williams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (5th ed., pp. 285-305). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing.
Weinberg, R. (2008). Does imagery work? Effects on performance and mental skills. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 3(1), Article 1.
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White, O.R. (1974). The “split middle”: A “quickie” method of trend estimation. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Experimental Education Unit, Child Development and Mental Retardation Center.
Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2011). Measuring athlete imagery ability: The sport imagery ability questionnaire. Journal of Sport & Exercise Physiology , 33, 416-440.
Wilson, B. D. (2008). Development in Video Technology for Coaching. Sports Technology, 1, 34-40.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall.
Barker, J., McCarthy, P., Jones, M., & Moran, A. (2014). Single-case research methods in sport and exercise psychology. New York: Routledge.
Baudry L., Leroy D., & Chollet D. (2006). The effect of combined self- and expert modelling on the performance of the double leg circle on the pommel horse. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24:1055-1063.
Bell, R. J., & Thompson, C. L. (2007). Solution-focused guided imagery for a golfer experiencing the yips: A case study. The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 9(1), 1-11.
Bellini S., & Akullian J. (2007). A metaanalysis of video modeling and video self-modeling interventions for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Exceptional Children, 73:264-287.
Boyer, E., Miltenberger, R. G., Batsche, C., & Fogel, V. (2009). Video modeling by experts with video feedback to enhance gymnastics skills. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 42, 855-860.
Burton, D., & Raedeke, T. (2008). Sport Psychology for Coaches. 1st. Edition, Human Kinetics, USA.
Callow, N., Roberts, R., & Fawkes, J. (2006). Effects of dynamic and static imagery on
vividness of imagery skiing performance, and confidence. Journal of Imagery Research in
Sport and Physical Activity, 1, 1-15.
Caserta, R, J., & Singer, R., N. (2007). The effectiveness of situational awareness learning in
response to video tennis match situations. Journal Of Applied Sport Psychology, 19: 125–
141.
Clark, S., & Ste-Marie, D. (2007). The impact of self-as-model intervention on children’s selfregulation of learning and swimming performance. Journal of sports Sciences, 25, 577-
586.
Cumming, J., Nordin, S., Horton, R., & Reynolds, S. (2006). Examining the direction of imagery and self-talk on dart-throwing performance and self-efficacy. The Sport Psychologist, 20, 257-274.
Driskell, J. E., Copper, C., & Moran, A. (1994). Does mental practice enhance performance? Journal of Applied Psychology, 79 (4), 481-492.
Ericson, A. K., & Smith, J. (1991). Toward a general theory of expertise: prospects and limits. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Gould, D., Damarjian, N., & Greenleaf, C. (2002). Imagery training and self efficacy . In J. Van Ralte and B. Brewer (Eds.), Exploring sport and exercise psychology (2nd ed.; pp. 49-74).Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Guillot, A., & Collet, C. (2008). Duration of mentally simulated movement: A review. Journal of Motor Behavior, 37(1), 10–20.
Harvey, S., & Gittins, C. (2014). Effects of Integrating Video-Based Feedback into a Teaching Games for Understanding Soccer Unit. Agora Para la Educación Física y el Deporte, Agora for PE and Sport, 16, 271-290.
Hegazy, K., Sherif, A. M., & Houta, S. S. (2015). The Effect of Mental Training on Motor Performance of Tennis and Field Hockey Strokes in Novice Players. Advances in Physical Education, 5, 77-83.
Holmes, P., & Calmels, C. (2011). Mental practice: Neuroscientific support for a new approach. In Collins, D., Button, A., & Richards, H. (Eds.), Performance psychology: A practitioner’s guide (pp. 231–244). Oxford: Churchill Livingstone.
Hrycaiko, D., & Martin, G.L. (1996). Applied research studies with single-subject designs: Why so few? Journal of Applied Psychology. 8,183-199.
IRB (2013). Laws of the Game: Rugby Union International Rugby Board: Dublin, Ireland.
Kossert, A. L., & Munroe-Chandler, K. (2007). Exercise imagery: A systematic review of the empirical literature. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 2, 1-32.
Lang, P. J. (1977). "Imagery in therapy: An Information-processing analysis of fear", Behavior Therapy, vol. 8, pp. 862-886.
Lang, P. J. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 17, 495–512.
Malouff, J.M., McGee, J., Halford, H., & Rooke, S. (2008). Imagery and the self-efficacy in baseball games. Journal of Sport Behavior, 31(3), 264-275.
Mamassis, G., & Doganis, G. (2004). Effects of a mental training program on juniors precompetitive anxiety, self-confidence, and tennis performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 118-137.
Morgan, D., & Morgan R., (2009). Single-case research methods for the behavioral and health sciences. Los Angles, Sage Publications Inc.
Morris, T., Spittle, M., & Watt, A. P. (2005). Imagery in sport. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
Mouratidis, A., Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., & Sideridis, G. (2008). The motivating role of positive feedback in sport and physical education: Evidence for a motivational model. JSEP, 30: 240-268.
Nelson, J., Czech, D. R., Joyner, A.B., Munkays, B., & Lachowetz, T. (2008). The effect of video and cognitive imagery on throwing performance of baseball pitcher: a single subject design. The Sport Journal, 11, 1-23.
O, J., Law, B., & Rymal, A. (2015). Now Hear This: Auditory Sense may be an Undervalued Component of Effective Modeling and Imagery Interventions in Sport. The Open Psychology Journal, 8, 203-211.
Palao, J. M., Hastie, P. A., Cruz, P. G., & Ortega, E. (2013). The Impact of Video Technology on Student Performance in Physical Education. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 24, 51-63
Pavely, S., Adam, D. R., Francesco, T. D., Larkham, S. Maher, C. (2009). Execution and differences between passes to the left and right made by first grade rugby union players. Physical Therapy in Sport. 10, 136-141.
Post, P., Muncie, S., & Simpson, D. (2012). The effect of imagery training on swimming performance: An applied investigation. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24, 323-337.
Post, P., Wrisberg, C. A., & Mullins, S. (2010). A field test of the influence of pre-game imagery on basketball free throw shooting. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport & Physical Activity, 5(1), 1932-0191.
Ram, N., Riggs, S. M., Skaling, S., Landers, D. M., & McCullagh, P. (2007). A comparison of modeling and imagery in the acquisition and retention of motor skills. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25, 587-597.
Ramsey, R., Cumming, J., & Edwards, M. G. (2008). Exploring a modified conceptualization of imagery direction and golf putting performance. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 207–223.
Reiser, M., Büsch, D., & Munzert, J. (2011). Strength gains by motor imagery with different ratios of physical to mental practice. Front. Psychology 2:194.
Reo, J. A., & Mercer, V. S. (2004). Effects of Live, Videotaped, or Written Instruction on Learning an Upper-Extremity Exercise Program. Physical Therapy, 84, 622-633.
Roberts, R., Callow, N., Hardy, L., Markland, D., & Bringer, J. (2008). Movement imagery ability: Development and assessment of a revised version of the vividness of movement imagery questionnaire. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 30, 200 221.
Robin, N., Dominique, L., Toussaint, L., Blandin, Y., Guillot, A., & Le Her. M., (2007). Effects of motor imagery training on service return accuracy in tennis: the role of imagery ability. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5(2), 175-188.
Short, S. E., Ross-Stewart, L., & Monsma, E. V. (2006). "Onwards with the evolution of imagery research in sport psychology", Athletic Insight, vol. 8, no. 3.
Short, S., Bruggeman, J., Engel, S., Marback, T., Wang, L., Willadsen, A., & Short, M. (2002). The effect of imagery function and imagery direction on self-efficacy and performance on a golf-putting task. The Sport Psychologist, 16, 48-67.
Smith, D., Wright, C., Allsopp, A., & Westhead, H. (2007). It's all in the mind: PETTLEP-based imagery and sports performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 80-92.
SooHoo, S., Takemoto, K. Y., & McCullagh, P. (2006). A comparison of modeling and imagery on the performance of a motor skill. Journal of Sport Behavior, 27, 349–366.
Thelwell, R., Greenless, I., & Weston, N. (2007). Using psychological skills training to develop soccer performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,18, 254.
Trout, J. (2013). Digital Movement Analysis in Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 84, 47-50.
Vealey, R.S. & Greenleaf, C. (2006). Seeing is believing: Understanding and using imagery in sport. In J. M. Williams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (5th ed., pp. 285-305). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing.
Weinberg, R. (2008). Does imagery work? Effects on performance and mental skills. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 3(1), Article 1.
White, O. R. (1972). A Manual for the calculation and use of median slope: A technique of progress estimation and prediction in the single case. Eugene OR: University of Oregon, Regional Resource Center for Handicapped Children.
White, O.R. (1974). The “split middle”: A “quickie” method of trend estimation. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Experimental Education Unit, Child Development and Mental Retardation Center.
Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2011). Measuring athlete imagery ability: The sport imagery ability questionnaire. Journal of Sport & Exercise Physiology , 33, 416-440.
Wilson, B. D. (2008). Development in Video Technology for Coaching. Sports Technology, 1, 34-40.
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Published
2017-11-05
How to Cite
Mohd Sani, M. H., & Azizuddin Khan, T. K. (2017). Imagery and modeling - impact on rugby skill performance: Single case multiple baseline assessment across participant. Jurnal Sains Sukan & Pendidikan Jasmani, 6(2), 10–27. https://doi.org/10.37134/jsspj.vol6.2.2.2017
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