How Inclusive is “Inclusive Development” in India? Challenges and Prospects of Indian Youth Labour Market
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/ibej.vol14.1.2.2021Keywords:
Inclusion, Labour market, Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET), Workforce, YouthAbstract
This study investigates the degree of inclusiveness of youth in the Indian labour market concerning Goal 4 and Goal 8 of the Sustainable Development Goals-2030. For this purpose, the study engages logistic regression by considering the 50th (1993/94), 55th (1999/00), 61st (2004/05) and 68th (2011/12) rounds of (un)employment surveys of NSSO. The empirical results reflect the high exclusion of youth in the Indian labour market, especially the female youth. By highlighting labour market exclusion as a challenge to economic development, the study further explores the intensity of risk factors affecting youth to remain excluded from the labour market. The findings divulge that gender remains a significant contributor to exclusion, often restricting access to employment. However, youth from low income, minorities, certain castes or religious groups are in many cases, even more, excluded from economic development. The implications of this study contribute by identifying the risk factors of youth transition in the Indian labour market. The findings add significant value to the limited youth labour market studies in India and advocates on the policy front to create better labour market opportunities to re-integrate NEET youth into a gainful activity. Therefore, a holistic approach within the broader context of macro (government and society), meso (household) and micro (individual) development need to be considered in order to make ‘youth’ more inclusive in the economic development of the country.
Downloads
References
Bisht, N., & Pattanaik, F. (2020a). Youth Labour Market in India: Education, Employment, and Sustainable Development Goals. In International Perspectives on the Youth Labor Market: Emerging Research and Opportunities (pp. 172-196). IGI Global.
Bisht, N. and Pattanaik, F. (2020b). Exploring the magnitude of inclusion of Indian youth in the world of work based on choices of educational attainment. Journal of Economics and Development, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JED-08-2020-0114
Bloom, D., Canning, D., & Sevilla, J. (2003). The demographic dividend: A new perspective on the economic consequences of population change. Rand Corporation.
Cabral, F. J. (2018). Key drivers of NEET phenomenon among youth people in Senegal. Economics Bulletin, 38(1), 248-261.
Cruz, M., & Ahmed, S. A. (2018). On the impact of demographic change on economic growth and poverty. World Development, 105, 95-106.
de Almeida, A. N., & Simões, F. (2020). Professional development perspectives across gender and age groups of under‐qualified rural NEETs. Journal of Community Psychology, 48(5), 1620-1636.
Dolislager, M., Reardon, T., Arslan, A., Fox, L., Liverpool-Tasie, S., Sauer, C., & Tschirley, D. L. (2020). Youth and adult agrifood system employment in developing regions: Rural (peri-urban to hinterland) vs. urban. The Journal of Development Studies, 1-23.
Dreze, J., & Sen, A. (2011). Putting growth in its Place- It has to be but a means to development, not an end in itself, University of Oxford.
Dyson, T., Cassen, R., & Visaria, L. (2005). Twenty-first century India: Population, economy, human development, and the environment. OUP Catalogue.
Elder, S. (2015). What does NEETs mean and why is the concept so easily misinterpreted? Geneva, Switzerland: ILO.
Furlong, A. (2006). Not a very NEET solution: representing problematic labour market transitions among early school-leavers. Work, employment and society, 20(3), 553-569.
Gujarati, D. N. (2009). Basic econometrics. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
House of Commons Education Select Committee. (2013). Career guidance for young people: The impact of the new duty on schools, seventh report of session 2012–2013.
International Labour Organization (ILO). (2013). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013. A generation at risk. Technical report (Geneva).
Krishnapillai, G., Ying, K., Li Xin, P., Kit, C., Zhen, L., & Yeau, L. (2016). Secondary school choice – what do parents concern?. International Business Education Journal, 9(1), 66-77.
Kumar, D. (2016). Social and economic exclusion among social groups in India. Journal of Exclusion Studies, 6(2), 148-161.
Mascherini, M., Salvatore, L., Meierkord, A., & Jungblut, J. M. (2012). NEETs: Young people not in employment, education or training: Characteristics, costs and policy responses in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Mason, A. (2001). Population change and economic development in East Asia: Challenges met, opportunities seized. Stanford University Press.
Mitra, A., & Verick, S. (2013). Youth employment and unemployment: an Indian perspective. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO.
O’Reilly, J., Smith, M., & Villa, P. (2017). The social reproduction of youth labour market inequalities: The effects of gender, households and ethnicity. In D. Grimshaw, C. Fagan, G. Hebson, I. Tavora (Eds.) Work more equal: A new labour market segmentation approach (pp. 249-267). Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Owenvbiugie, R. O., & Egbri, J. N. (2020). Unemployment in Nigeria: Can need for power improve the scourge? International Business Education Journal, 13, 43-50. https://doi.org/10.37134/ibej.vol13.sp.4.2020.
Papadakis, N., Drakaki, M., Papargyris, A., Dafermos, V., Basta, M., Theodorikakos, P., ... & Kyridis, A. (2017). “Painted from life...” A disengaged youth? Young people and NEETs in a devastated country (No. IKEEART-2017-663, pp. 1-45). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.
Pemberton, S. (2008). Tackling the NEET generation and the ability of policy to generate a ‘NEET’solution—evidence from the UK. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 26(1), 243-259.
Rahman, M. A. (2020). Pursuing decent jobs agenda for inclusive economic growth (SDG 8). Four years of SDGs in Bangladesh: Non-state actors as delivery partners, 41(5), 37.
Simmons, R., Thompson, R., & Russell, L. (2014). Education, work and social change: Young people and marginalisation in post-industrial Britain. London: Palgrave McMillan.
Singh, G., Vithayathil, T., & Pradhan, K. C. (2019). Recasting inequality: Residential segregation by caste over time in urban India. Environment and urbanisation, 31(2), 615-634.
Social Exclusion Unit. (1999). Bridging the gap: New opportunities for 16-18 year olds not in education, employment or training. Great Britain. Cabinet Office.
Thorat, S. (2008). Labour market discrimination: Concept, forms and remedies in the Indian situation. The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 51(1), 31-52.
United Nations (1998), Fiftieth Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948–1998).
Vancea, M., & Utzet, M. (2018). School-to-work transition: The case of Spanish NEETs. Journal of Youth Studies, 21(7), 869-887.
Yang, Y. (2020). China’s Youth in NEET (Not in Education, Employment, or Training): Evidence from a National Survey. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 688(1), 171-189.
Zudina, A. (2018). The pathways that lead youth in NEET: The case of Russia. HSE Economic Journal, 22(2), 197-227.
