The economic impact of oil spill on communities in Imo State and the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/ejoss.vol6.2.2.2020Keywords:
oil spill, economic impact, clean-up, compensation, occupational displacementAbstract
The study examines the economic impacts of oil spill on the life of the people of Ohaji/Egbema and Oguta Communities in Imo State Nigeria. The oil spill has polluted the rivers making it difficult to fish; the spills on farms have destroyed the crops leading to low yield and income, and this caused socioeconomic problems in these communities. The oil spill in these communities are peculiar as it occurs both on water and land unlike other spill in other countries occurring only on water. Literature shows that oil spill worldwide caused severe economic impact including loss of income, drop in share prices, loss of funds through clean-up and remediation, and payments for injurious harm to businesses and environment. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory and stakeholders’ theory are useful in this study. The international laws on oil spill compensation have not been adequate, hence compelling countries to invoke their national laws. Using mixed methods, the findings of the study show that the income of these communities was negatively affected and little or no compensation paid to the affected communities. Inadequate enforcement of oil spill laws in Nigeria coupled with lack of political will to strictly enforce these laws has been identified. The spill caused psychological trauma and stress, occupational displacement, decrease in income, poverty and diseases in these communities. There is a need to amend the international laws on oil spill covering both spill from ship and on land, and the urgent need for all related agencies in Nigeria to be active in their duties. The oil companies need to be proactive in addressing the problems created by oil spill, while urgent clean-up and adequate compensations need to be paid.
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References
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Francis, Paul, Deirdre Lapin, & Paula Rossiasco (2011). Securing Development and Peace in the Niger Delta. A Social and Conflict Analysis for Change. Study prepared for publication by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Africa Program and Project on Leadership and Building State Capacity. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Africa Program.
https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/AFR_110929_Niger%20Delta_0113.pdf
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https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2012.75.3.227
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doi: https://10.1108/jrf-08-2015-0072
Inoni, O. E., Omotor, D. G. & Adun, F. N. (2006). The effect of oil spillage on crop yield and farm income in Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 7(1), 41–48.
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Isidiho, O. A., & Mohammad S. Sabran (2015b). Socio-Economic Impact of Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) Infrastructural Projects in Selected Communities in Imo State Nigeria. Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (AJHSS), 3(2), 109 – 113.
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http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2011-04-20-tourism-rebounds-gulf-.htm
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Kim, D., Yang, G., Min, S., & Koh, C. (2014). Social and ecological impacts of the Hebei Spirit oil spill on the west coast of Korea: Implications for compensation and recovery. Ocean & Coastal Management, 102, 533–544.
doi: https://10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.05.023
Luo Y, Chen H, Zhu Q, Peng C, Yang G, Yang Y, et al. (2014). Relationship between Air Pollutants and Economic Development of the Provincial Capital Cities in China during the Past Decade. PLoS ONE 9(8): e104013. https://10.1371/journal.pone.0104013
Loureiro, M. L., Ribas, A., López, E., & Ojea, E. (2006). Estimated costs and admissible claims linked to the Prestige oil spill. Ecological Economics, 59(1), 48–63.
doi: https://10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.10.001
McCrea-Strub, A., Kleisner, K., Sumaila, U. R., Swartz, W., Watson, R., Zeller, D., & Pauly, D. (2011). Potential Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Commercial Fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico. Fisheries, 36(7), 332–336. doi: https://10.1080/03632415.2011.589334
Meeuwissen, (2012). The BP-oil spill, a crisis for BP or for the whole industry? Master Thesis Department of finance, School of Economics and Management, Universiteit Van Tilburg. (Accessed online on 24/04/2020)
http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=127159
Mong, M.D., Noguchi, K. and Ladner, B. (2012). “Immediate psychological impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: symptoms of PTSD and coping skills”, Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma, Vol. 21 No. 6, pp. 691-704.
Miles, Samantha (2012). Stakeholders: essentially contested or just confused? Journal of Business Ethics 108(3), 285–298.
Natale, Marisa Di (2010). The Economic Impact of the Gulf Oil Spill. Moody’s Analytics. (Accessed online on 24/ 04/ 2020)
https://www.economy.com/economicview/analysis/191641/The-Economic-Impact-of-the-Gulf-Oil-Spill
Niemi, R. & Heiskanen, Ilse & Wallenius, Kaisa & Lindström, Kristina. (2001). Extraction and purification of DNA in rhizosphere soil samples for PCR-DGGE analysis of bacterial consortia. J. Microbiology Methods, 45, 155-165.
Okonkwo, Eloamaka Carol (2014). Oil Spills in Nigeria: Are there Social and Economic Impacts? International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings: May, Vol. 2014, No. 1, pp. 300289.
https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-300289.1
Omisakin, D. and A. Olusegun (2009). Economic growth and environmental quality in Nigeria: does environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis hold? Environ. Res. J., 3 (1) (2009), pp. 14-18.
Osofsky, H.J., Osofsky, J.D. and Hansel, T.C. (2012). Commentary on “A conceptual framework for understanding the mental health impacts of oil spills: lessons from the Exxon Valdez oil spill’– mental health perspectives following the Gulf oil spill, Psychiatry, 75(3), 233-235.
Osofsky, J. D., Osofsky, H. J., Weems, C. F., Hansel, T. C., & King, L. S. (2014). Effects of Stress Related to the Gulf Oil Spill on Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 41(1), 65–72. doi: https://10.1093/jpepsy/jsu085
Palinkas, L.A. (2012). A conceptual framework for understanding the mental health impacts of oil spills: lessons from the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Psychiatry, 75(3), 203-222.
Pan, G., Qiu, S., Liu, X., & Hu, X. (2015). Estimating the economic damages from the Penglai 19-3 oil spill to the Yantai fisheries in the Bohai Sea of northeast China. Marine Policy, 62, 18–24.
doi: https://10.1016/j.marpol.2015.08.007
Phenson, U. A., Ojie, P. & Esin, J.O. (2014). The Nigerian State, Security Management Mandate and Challenges in the Niger-Delta Region, Nigeria. Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME), 4, 3, 15-20.
Picou, J., Marshall, B., & Gill, D. (2004). Disaster, litigation, and the corrosive community. Social Forces, 82(4), 1426–1497.
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2020-10-07
How to Cite
Isidiho, A. O., Burhan, N. A. S., Sabran, M. S., Talib, A. T., & Adam Assim, M. I. S. (2020). The economic impact of oil spill on communities in Imo State and the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. EDUCATUM Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2), 10–24. https://doi.org/10.37134/ejoss.vol6.2.2.2020
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